The
aim of this study was to assess the soil–water partitioning
behavior of a wider range of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)
onto soils covering diverse soil properties. The PFASs studied include
perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), perfluoroalkane sulfonates (PFSAs),
fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTSs), nonionic perfluoroalkane sulfonamides
(FASAs), cyclic PFAS (PFEtCHxS), per- and polyfluoroalkyl ether acids
(GenX, ADONA, 9Cl-PF3ONS), and three aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-related
zwitterionic PFASs (AmPr-FHxSA, TAmPr-FHxSA, 6:2 FTSA-PrB). Soil–water
partitioning coefficients (log K
d values) of the PFASs ranged from less than zero to approximately
three, were chain-length-dependent, and were significantly linearly
related to molecular weight (MW) for PFASs with MW > 350 g/mol
(R
2 = 0.94, p < 0.0001).
Across
all soils, the K
d values of all short-chain
PFASs (≤5 −CF2– moieties) were similar and varied
less (<0.5 log units) compared to long-chain PFASs (>0.5
to 1.5 log units) and zwitterions AmPr- and TAmPr-FHxSA
(∼1.5 to 2 log units). Multiple soil properties described
sorption of PFASs better than any single property. The effects of
soil properties on sorption were different for anionic, nonionic,
and zwitterionic PFASs. Solution pH could change both PFAS speciation
and soil chemistry affecting surface complexation and electrostatic
processes. The K
d values of all PFASs
increased when solution pH decreased from approximately eight to three.
Short-chain PFASs were less sensitive to solution pH than long-chain
PFASs. The results indicate the complex interactions of PFASs with
soil surfaces and the need to consider both PFAS type and soil properties
to describe mobility in the environment.
Engineering
of multifunctional binding chemistry on graphene composites using
thiol–ene click reaction for selective and highly efficient
adsorption of mercury(II) is demonstrated. Graphene oxide (GO) is
used as an initial material for covalent attachment of cysteamine
molecules by thiol–ene click reaction on CC groups
to achieve a partially reduced graphene surface with multiple binding
chemistry such as O, S, and N. Batch adsorption studies showed remarkable
adsorption rate with only 1 mg L–1 dosage of adsorbent
used to remove 95% Hg (II) (∼1.5 mg L–1)
within 90 min. The high adsorption capacity of 169 ± 19 mg g–1, high selectivity toward Hg in the presence of 30
times higher concentration of competing ions (Cd, Cu, Pb) and high
regeneration ability (>97%) for five consecutive adsorption–desorption
cycles were achieved. Comparative study with commercial activated
carbon using spiked Hg (II) river water confirmed the high performance
and potential of this adsorbent for real mercury remediation of environmental
and drinking waters.
The environmental problems and low efficiency associated with conventional fertilizers provides an impetus to develop advanced fertilizers with slower release and better performances. Here, we report of development of a new carrier platform based on graphene oxide (GO) sheets that can provide a high loading of plant micronutrients with controllable slow release. To prove this concept, two micronutrients, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), were used to load on GO sheets and hence formulate GO-based micronutrients fertilizer. The chemical composition and successful loading of both nutrients on GO sheets were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The prepared Zn-graphene oxide (Zn-GO) and Cu-graphene oxide (Cu-GO) fertilizers showed a biphasic dissolution behavior compared to that of commercial zinc sulfate and copper sulfate fertilizer granules, displaying desirable fast and slow micronutrient release. A visualization method and chemical analysis were used to assess the release and diffusion of Cu and Zn in soil from GO-based fertilizers compared with commercial soluble fertilizers to demonstrate the advantages of GO carriers and show their capability to be used as a generic platform for macro- and micronutrients delivery. A pot trial demonstrated that Zn and Cu uptake by wheat was higher when using GO-based fertilizers compared to that when using standard zinc or copper salts. This is the first report on the agronomic performance of GO-based slow-release fertilizer.
A simple synthetic approach for the preparation of graphene-diatom silica composites in the form of self-assembled aerogels with three-dimensional networks from natural graphite and diatomite rocks is demonstrated for the first time. Their adsorption performance for the removal of mercury from water was studied as a function of contact time, solution pH, and mercury concentration to optimize the reaction conditions. The adsorption isotherm of mercury fitted well with the Langmuir model, representing a very high adsorption capacity of >500 mg of mercury/g of adsorbent. The prepared aerogels exhibited outstanding adsorption performance for the removal of mercury from water, which is significant for environmental applications.
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