The MTD of infusional flavopiridol is 50 mg/m2/d x 3 with dose-limiting secretory diarrhea at 62.5 mg/m2/d x 3. With ADP, 78 mg/m2/d x 3 was the MTD, with dose-limiting hypotension at 98 mg/m2/d x 3. Based on chronic tolerability, 50 mg/m2/d x 3 is the recommended phase II dose without ADP. Antitumor effect was observed in certain patients with renal, prostate, and colon cancer, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Concentrations of flavopiridol (200 to 400 nM) needed for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition in preclinical models were achieved safely.
2-(4-Aminophenyl)benzothiazoles 1 and their N-acetylated forms have been converted to C- and N-hydroxylated derivatives to investigate the role of metabolic oxidation in the mode of action of this series of compounds. 2-(4-Amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (1a, DF 203, NSC 674495) is a novel and potent antitumor agent with selective growth inhibitory properties against human cancer cell lines. Very low IC(50) values (<0.1 microM) were encountered in the most sensitive breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and T-47D, whereas renal cell line TK-10 was weakly inhibited by 1a. Cell lines from the same tissue origin, MDA-MB-435 (breast), CAKI-1 (renal), and A498 (renal), were insensitive to 1a. Accumulation and metabolism of 1a were observed in sensitive cell lines only, with the highest rate of metabolism occurring in the most sensitive MCF-7 and T-47D cells. Thus, differential uptake and metabolism of 1a by cancer cell lines may underlie its selective profile of anticancer activity. A major metabolite in these sensitive cell lines has been identified as 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (6c). Hydroxylation of 1a was not detected in the homogenate of previously untreated MCF-7, T-47D, and TK-10 cells but was readily observed in homogenates of sensitive cells that were pretreated with 1a. Accumulation and covalent binding of [(14)C]1a derived radioactivity was observed in the sensitive MCF-7 cell line but not in the insensitive MDA-MB-435 cell line. The mechanism of growth inhibition by 1a, which is unknown, may be dependent on the differential metabolism of the drug to an activated form by sensitive cell lines only and its covalent binding to an intracellular protein. However, the 6-hydroxy derivative 6c is not the 'active' metabolite since, like all other C- and N-hydroxylated benzothiazoles examined in this study, it is devoid of antitumor properties in vitro.
The papain-family cathepsins are cysteine proteases that are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for a number of human disease conditions ranging from osteoporosis to cancer. Relatively few selective inhibitors for this family exist, and the in vivo selectivity of most existing compounds is unclear. We present here the synthesis of focused libraries of epoxysuccinyl-based inhibitors and their screening in crude tissue extracts. We identified a number of potent inhibitors that display selectivity for endogenous cathepsin targets both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the selectivity patterns observed in crude extracts were generally retained in vivo, as assessed by active-site labeling of tissues from treated animals. Overall, this study identifies several important compound classes and highlights the use of activity-based probes to assess pharmacodynamic properties of small-molecule inhibitors in vivo.
Oxathiin carboxanilide (OC), NSC 615985, a compound originally synthesized as a potential fun de, was demonstrated to be highly active in preventing human immunodefriency virus (HIV)-induced cell ing and in inhibiting HIV reproduction. Virus-infected CD4+ lymphocytes were completely protected by 0.5 gsM OC, whereas no toxicity was observed at concentrations below 50 pM OC. Production of infectious virus, viral p24 antigen, and virion reverse transcriptase'were reduced by OC
17-(Allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) is a semisynthetic antitumor agent, which has entered phase I/II clinical trials. Melanoma cell lines in the NCI in vitro screen (mean GI50 = 84 nM) were relatively sensitive to the agent, which was therefore tested in vivo in four s.c. growing human melanoma xenografts (MEXF 276, 989, 462 and 514) in athymic mice. 17-AAG markedly inhibited tumor growth at doses of 80 (maximum tolerated dose) and 60 mg/kg/day in a qd x 5 (h: 0, 6; i.p.) schedule in two of four xenograft models. Cell lines derived from the 17-AAG-sensitive MEXF 276 and -resistant MEXF 514 melanomas, MEXF 276L and 514L, were chosen to study the effects of 17-AAG on its target Hsp90 as well as the Hsp90 'client' protein c-Raf-1 in vitro. Cells were exposed to drug concentrations which just cause total growth inhibition (total growth inhibition = 375 nM in MEXF 276L and 10 microM in MEXF 514L). Pharmacokinetic determinations confirmed that 17-AAG concentrations producing growth inhibition invitro are readily achievable in vivo at the MTD (AUC0- infinity 1068 microM x min). Whilst 17-AAG treatment did not affect Hsp90 expression in the relatively resistant MEXF 514L cells, it caused a rapid transient decline in the markedly sensitive MEXF 276L cell line. In contrast, Hsp72 expression increased. Following Hsp90 depletion at 2-8 h in MEXF 276L cells, down-regulation of c-Raf-1 was seen starting at 16 h after drug addition. In MEXF 276 xenograft tissues treated with effective dose levels, loss of Hsp90 was seen and was associated with occurrence of apoptotic figures. The apoptotic index rose from 9% after 48 h, greater than 12% at 72 h to 45% at 10 days. These data support the hypothesis that in some melanoma models, a very good response (e.g. with tumor regressions) to 17-AAG may be associated with modulation of Hsp90 expression. The expression of this target should be followed in clinical studies with 17-AAG.
ABSTRACT:Fluorinated 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazoles possess potent antiproliferative activity against certain cancer cells, similar to the unfluorinated 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (DF 203, NSC 674495). In "sensitive" cancer cells, DF 203 is metabolized by, can induce expression of, and binds covalently to CYP1A1. Metabolism appears to be essential for its antiproliferative activity through DNA adduct formation. However, a biphasic dose-response relationship compromises its straightforward development as a chemotherapeutic agent. We investigated whether fluorinated benzothiazoles inhibit cancer cell growth without the biphasic dose-response, and whether the fluorinated benzothiazoles are also metabolized into Benzothiazoles contain a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring (Shi et al., 1996). These small molecules display antitumor properties that are modulated by substitutions at specific positions on the benzothiazole pharmacophore Kashiyama et al., 1999;Wells et al., 2000;Hutchinson et al., 2001Hutchinson et al., , 2002. 2-(4-Amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (DF 203) represents the lead compound for a recently explored series, and possesses potent antitumor properties in select breast, ovarian, and renal cancer cell lines of the 60-cell line, disease-oriented NCI Anticancer Drug Screen . DF 203 displays a unique biphasic dose-response relationship, with more potent activity at concentrations below 1 M but reduced antiproliferative activity at concentrations ranging from 1 to 100 M. The precise mechanism by which DF 203 and similar benzothiazoles display their antiproliferative effects has not been fully elucidated. Recent studies, however, suggest that their ability to become metabolized and covalently bind to subcellular targets contributes to their anticancer effects (Kashiyama et al., 1999;Chua et al., 2000;Hutchinson et al., 2001). Metabolism and covalent binding to subcellular This is part 25 of the series "Antitumor 2-(4-aminophenyl)
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