Emotion-enhanced memory occurs when an arousal response to an emotion stimulus strengthens memory consolidation. We tested whether listening to emotionally arousing music enhanced memory in this way. In a within-subjects design, 37 participants (18 to 50 years, 22 female) listened to two of their own highly enjoyed music tracks, two self-rated neutral tracks from other participants’ selections, and a five-minute radio interview. After each listening episode, participants memorised a unique array of 24 images. Subjective and physiological emotional arousal was monitored throughout the experiment and free recall of all images within the five image arrays was tested at the end. As predicted, compared to the music and non-music controls, self-selected enjoyed music elicited greater subjective and physiological changes consistent with emotion, and more details from images presented after enjoyed music were recalled than after listening to the radio interview. A multiple regression analysis revealed that physiological changes consistent with an emotional arousal response to enjoyed music reliably predicted memory. Further research with larger samples is needed to replicate these exploratory findings.
Estimate the amount of alcohol advertising in sport vs. non-sport programming in Australian free-to-air TV and identify children’s viewing audience composition at different times of the day. Alcohol advertising and TV viewing audience data were purchased for free-to-air sport and non-sport TV in Australia for 2012. We counted alcohol advertisements in sport and non-sport TV in daytime (6am-8.29pm) and evening periods (8.30pm-11.59pm) and estimated viewing audiences for children and young adults (0–4 years, 5–13 years, 14–17 years, 18–29 years). During the daytime, most of the alcohol advertising (87%) was on sport TV. In the evening, most alcohol advertising (86%) was in non-sport TV. There was little difference in the mean number of children (0–17 years) viewing TV in the evening (N = 273,989), compared with the daytime (N = 235,233). In programs containing alcohol advertising, sport TV had a greater mean number of alcohol adverts per hour (mean 1.74, SD = 1.1) than non-sport TV (mean 1.35, SD = .94). Alcohol advertising during the daytime, when large numbers of children are watching TV, is predominantly in free-to-air sport TV. By permitting day-time advertising in sport programs and in any programs from 8.30pm when many children are still watching TV, current regulations are not protecting children from exposure to alcohol advertising.
Introduction and Aims Exposure to alcohol advertising is associated with greater alcohol consumption in children and adolescents, and alcohol advertising is common in Australian sport. We examine child, adolescent and young adult exposure to alcohol advertising during three televised sports in Australia: Australian Football League (AFL), cricket and the National Rugby League (NRL). Methods Alcohol advertising and audience viewing data were purchased for all AFL, cricket and NRL TV programs in Australia for 2012. We estimated children and adolescents (0–17 years) and young adults (18–29 years) exposure to alcohol advertising during AFL, cricket and NRL programs in the daytime (06:00–20:29 h), and night‐time (20:30–23:59 h). Results There were 3544 alcohol advertisements in AFL (1942), cricket (941) and NRL programs (661), representing 60% of all alcohol advertising in sport TV, and 15% of all alcohol advertisements on Australian TV. These programs had a cumulative audience of 26.9 million children and adolescents, and 32 million young adults. Children and adolescents received 51 million exposures to alcohol advertising, with 47% of this exposure occurring during the daytime. Children and adolescents exposure to alcohol advertising was similar to young adults and peaked after 8.30pm. Discussion and Conclusions Child and adolescent and young adult's exposure to alcohol advertising is high when viewing sport TV in Australia in the daytime and night‐time. Current alcohol advertising regulations are not protecting children and adolescents from exposure, particularly in prominent televised sports. The regulations should be changed to reduce children and adolescent excessive exposure to alcohol advertising when watching sport. [Carr S, O'Brien KS, Ferris J, Room R, Livingston M, Vandenberg B, Donovan RJ, Lynott D. Child and adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising in Australia's major televised sports. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:406–411]
Visual selective attention is thought to underly inhibitory control during pointing movements. Accounts of inhibitory control during pointing movements make differential predictions about movement deviations towards or away from highly salient non-target flankers based on their potential cortical activation and subsequent inhibition: (1) Tipper et al. (Vis Cogn 4:1-38, 1997) "response vector model" predicts movements away from highly salient flankers; (2) Welsh and Elliott's (Q J Exp Psychol 57:1031-1057, 2004a and J Mot Behav 36:200-211, 2004b) "response activation model" predicts movements towards highly salient flankers early in the response, that is resolved by a race for inhibition. To eliminate the confounds of physical properties, such as obstacle avoidance and information cues of non-target objects, pointing was conducted in a virtual environment (graphical user interface). Participants were 14 skilled computer users who moved a computer cursor with a mouse to virtual targets. Analysis revealed non-target flankers significantly interfered with movement consistent with action centred selective attention, and reflecting a proximity-to-hand effect. Spatial analysis revealed evidence of highly salient flankers attracting movement, and less salient flankers repelling movement, supporting Welsh and Elliott's response activation model. These effects were achieved in a virtual 2D environment where interference caused by the physical properties of objects was less cogent.
Commentary on de Bruijn et al. (2016): Effective alcohol marketing policymaking requires more than evidence on alcohol marketing effects-research on vested interest effects is needed Evidence on the link between alcohol marketing and problematic drinking is important, but effective alcohol marketing policymaking also requires evidence on the activities of vested interests and associated effects on policymakers and policy attributes.The study by de Bruijn and colleagues [1] is a welcome addition to the field, because it improves the evidence base on the effect of exposure to alcohol advertising and sponsorship on young people's drinking in several ways. Latent variable modelling allowed the researchers to test the cumulative effect of exposure to different forms of alcohol marketing (e.g. advertising, sponsorship) on drinking; the use of cross-lagged models addressed concerns regarding reciprocal effects between exposure to alcohol marketing and alcohol use; and it is the first study to do so in a large cross-national (four-country) sample of adolescents. The results support previous research showing a consistent relationship between exposure to alcohol advertising and sponsorship and more problematic drinking in young people [2][3][4], but whether more evidence of this kind will result in better alcohol marketing policy is less clear.Stricter regulation of alcohol advertising and sponsorship has been identified as one of the three most costeffective means of reducing alcohol-related harm [5,6]. Although the evidence on the link between exposure to alcohol advertising and sponsorship and problematic drinking is clear, this evidence is not resulting in the development of more effective alcohol marketing policy [7,8], with several governments weakening alcohol marketing policy [9][10][11]. Coordinated efforts by an array of vested interests (e.g. advertising, media, sport and alcohol industries) using arguments that either seek to undermine the evidence on alcohol marketing, or re-focus policymakers on other imperatives (e.g. jobs, revenue, votes, sporting success) appear to be undermining the formation and retention of effective alcohol marketing policy [11][12][13][14]. For example, France's Evin Law, originally a model of good alcohol marketing policy, has been compromised over time and may no longer be effective. As noted by Gallopel-Morvan and colleagues [9], in 1994 Evin Law's restrictions on billboard alcohol advertising were weakened; in 2009 restrictions on online alcohol advertising were removed and from 2016, at the behest of alcohol producers and retailers, alcohol products from famous alcohol-producing regions in France and/or of cultural significance are no longer subject to the Evin Law. Similarly, despite Australian research showing more than 70% public support for stricter alcohol advertising regulations [15], and evidence of extensive exposure of children to alcohol advertising at peak TV viewing times [16,17], the Australian government recently weakened alcohol advertising regulations, further ex...
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