The use of emotionally arousing music to enhance memory for subsequently presented images

Carr, Sherilene Margaret; Rickard, Nikki

doi:10.1177/0305735615613846

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Another pattern that can be found in the literature concerns the moderating role of musical preference -the extent to which listeners enjoy the music style that is used as background or prime -in boosting the positive effects of music. Preference does not seem to change the Irrelevant Sound Effect (Perham and Vizard, 2011), but -at least in younger adults -it boosts the positive effects of background music on reading comprehension (Mcdonald, 2013), as well as those of musical primes on image encoding (Carr and Rickard, 2016): in both cases, preferred music outperforms silence, while non-preferred music does not. One explanation for the advantage of preferred music is that it is rewarding (Blood and Zatorre, 2001;Ferreri and Verga, 2016), and reward may be one mechanism subtending the positive effects of music on cognition (Ferreri and Verga, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Based on the idea that non-task-concurrent music (prime) could keep the benefits of background music (arousal, reward or mood improvement) while minimizing its distraction-related costs, we predicted that music would have strong advantage over silence and/or environmental sounds. Concerning preference, we predicted an advantage of preferred over non-preferred music, based on previous findings (Mcdonald, 2013;Carr and Rickard, 2016) as well as on the principle that preference could maximize the reward component of music.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Mozart Effect on the Episodic Memory of Healthy Adults Is Null, but Low-Functioning Older Adults May Be an Exception

2020

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Literature on the effects of passive music listening on cognitive performance is mixed, showing negative, null or positive results depending on cognitive domain, age group, temporal relation between music and task (background music vs. music before task, the latter known as Mozart effect), or listener-dependent variables such as musical preference. Positive effects of background music on the two components of episodic memory-item and source memory-for verbal materials seem robust and ageindependent, and thus deserve further attention. In the current study, we investigated two potential enhancers of music effects on episodic memory: stopping music before task performance (Mozart effect) to eliminate music-related distraction and using preferred music to maximize reward. We ran a main study on a sample of 51 healthy younger adults, along with a pilot study with 12 older adults, divided into low-vs. high functioning according to cognitive performance in a screening test. Against our expectations, Bayesian analyses showed strong evidence that music had no advantage over silence or environmental sounds in younger adults. Preferred music had no advantage either, consistent with the possibility that music-related reward had no impact on episodic memory. Among older adults, low-but not high-functioning participants' item memory was improved by music-especially by non-preferred music-compared to silence. Our findings suggest that, in healthy adults, prior-to-task music may be less effective than background music in episodic memory enhancement despite decreased distraction, possibly because reward becomes irrelevant when music is stopped before the task begins. Our pilot findings on older adults raise the hypothesis that lowfunctioning older participants relate to prior-to-task auditory stimulation in deviant ways when it comes to episodic memory enhancement.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mozart Effect on the Episodic Memory of Healthy Adults Is Null, but Low-Functioning Older Adults May Be an Exception

2020

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“…Listening to music did not enhance performance for either group. Researching a wider age range, Carr and Rickard (2016) tested whether listening to emotionally arousing music enhanced memory in 37 participants aged eighteen to fifty years, who listened to two of their own highly enjoyed music tracks, two self rated neutral tracks from other participants' selections, and a five minute radio interview. After each listening episode, participants memorised a unique array of 24 images.…”

Section: Preprintmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Power of Music: an exploration of the evidence [PREPRINT]

Hallam¹,

Himonides²

2021

Preprint

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This OSF project contains the source and supplementary materials for the book "The Power of Music: an exploration of the evidence" (under review). This book was written to provide an update to The power of music: A research synthesis of the impact of actively making music on the intellectual, social and personal development of children and young people. As the evidence was collated, it became clear that much more research had been undertaken since the original book was produced and that that research was focused on a much wider age range with particular expansion in work with older age groups. It was therefore decided to expand the book to include research across the lifespan covering a wider range of issues, particularly those relating to health and wellbeing as these have become more important in the research agenda in recent years. The title referring to an exploration of the research was selected to make it possible to take account of all kinds of research from large scale population studies to single case studies, correlation studies, experiments and evaluations of interventions with a focus on both listening to and actively making and creating music. Some interventions that have several different outcomes are mentioned in more than one chapter. As there has been much controversy recently as to whether music can have any impact, particularly on cognition, it was felt important to include examples of individual research projects for the reader to be able to draw their own conclusions about the impact of music rather than relying on a summary, although an overview is provided at the end of each chapter. This means that the book is not always an easy read. Some of the research is extremely complex and takes time to understand. It is hoped that despite this it will enable the reader to make an informed decision about the power of music in a range of areas across the lifespan.

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“…While less relevant to this review, it is worth mentioning a small set of studies that have used MECs as an independent variable, leading to findings that MECs led to improved communication and heightened self-perception in a music therapy context (Lee, 2008), as also hypothesised by Tihanyi (2016), had no effect on memory performance as measured by image recall (Carr & Rickard, 2016) or on craving reduction in abstinent individuals with alcohol use disorder (Mathis & Han, 2017), had an effect on gait, as seen by increased cadence and stride length, and reduced stride time (Park et al, 2019), did not improve mood or increase generosity, helpfulness, or prosocial behaviour (Konečni et al, 2007), but contradictorily, did promote altruistic behaviour (Fukui & Toyoshima, 2014). Three devices have also been designed in an attempt to induce chills, through electrostatic force (Fukushima & Kajimoto, 2012) or coldness (Ishikawa et al, 2019;, with the purpose of enhancing emotional experiences.…”

Section: Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Benedek and Kaernbach (2011),Grewe et al (2009a),Mori and Iwanaga (2017) No effect: Baltes , et al (2011),Carr and Rickard (2016),Jaimovich et al (2013),Schäfer and Sedlmeier (2011) Skin conductance responseIncrease:Bannister and Eerola (2018), Kaernbach (2011), Craig (2005),Egermann et al (2011),Grewe et al (2007),Grewe et al (2009a),Grewe et al (2011),Guhn et al (2007),Klepzig et al (2020),Mas-Herrero et al (2014),Mori and Iwanaga (2014b),Mori and Iwanaga (2015),Mori and Iwanaga (2017), Polo (2017), Rickard (2004), Sachs et al (2016), Salimpoor et al (2009), Salimpoor et al (2011) Effect (direction not specified): Grewe et al (2007) No effect: Blood and Zatorre (2001), Carr and Rickard (2016), Jaimovich et al (2013) Peripheral skin temperature Decrease: Salimpoor et al (2009), Salimpoor et al (2011) No effect: Blood and Zatorre (2001), Craig (2005), Rickard (2004) Heart Heart rate Increase: Benedek and Kaernbach (2011), Blood and Zatorre (2001), Grewe et al (2009a), Guhn et al (2007), Mas-Herrero et al (2014), Polo (2017), Sachs et al (2016), Salimpoor et al (2009), Salimpoor et al (2011), Sumpf et al (2015) No effect: Baltes , et al (2011), Carr and Rickard (2016), Grewe et al (2011), Jaimovich et al (2013), Mori and Iwanaga (2017), Rickard (2004), Schäfer and Sedlmeier (2011) Blood volume pulse amplitude Decrease: Benedek and Kaernbach (2011), Salimpoor et al (2009), Salimpoor et al (2011) Lesser-used measures See Subsection 3.4.2 Other Respiration rate Increase: Baltes , et al (2011), Salimpoor et al (2009), Salimpoor et al (2011) No effect: Benedek and Kaernbach (2011), Grewe et al (2011), Mori and Iwanaga (2017), Sumpf et al (2015) Respiration depth Increase: Benedek and Kaernbach (2011), Blood and Zatorre (2001), Grewe et al (2009a) No effect: Mori and Iwanaga (2017) Muscle tension Increase: Blood and Zatorre (2001) No effect: Rickard (2004) Salivary cortisol Decrease: Fukui and Toyoshima (2013) No effect: Rickard (2004) Lesser-used measures See Subsection 3.4.3…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chills in music: A systematic review

R¹,

Mt²

2020

Preprint

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Chills are a psychophysiological response which can be experienced when listening to music. They have been of particular interest in scientific research on music because of their association with emotion and pleasure. With the literature almost doubling in size since the last review on the subject, a comprehensive survey is needed to provide a solid basis for future research. In this article, we explore the context behind current research on chills, discuss how they relate to emotional and aesthetic responses, assess current empirical measures and paradigms, summarise their physiological and neural correlates, categorise their possible stimulus-driven elicitors, examine how they are affected by individual differences, and evaluate theories about their potential evolutionary causes. We conclude by providing a set of recommendations for future research, and include a dataset listing pieces of music reported to elicit chills in the reviewed literature.

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The use of emotionally arousing music to enhance memory for subsequently presented images

Cited by 20 publications

References 46 publications

The Mozart Effect on the Episodic Memory of Healthy Adults Is Null, but Low-Functioning Older Adults May Be an Exception

The Mozart Effect on the Episodic Memory of Healthy Adults Is Null, but Low-Functioning Older Adults May Be an Exception

The Power of Music: an exploration of the evidence [PREPRINT]

Chills in music: A systematic review

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