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The construction industry plays an important role in any developing country. This sector will promote the infrastructure required in socioeconomic development which also a major contributor to the overall economic growth. One of the main factors that had influence in the construction industry growth is productivity which mainly associated with the labor performance. Labor in construction industry could be defined as all workforces involve in the process that had to carry out to accomplish and to achieve goal. The labor productivity insufficiency will affect the performance of the overall project. The objective of this research is to identify and rank the relative importance of factors perceived to affect labor productivity on Egyptian construction projects. To achieve this objective, a statistically representative sample of contractors was invited to participate in a structured questionnaire survey, comprising 27 productivity factors, classified under the following four primary groups: (a) Technological; (b) Management; (c) Human/Labor; and (d) External. Among the factors explored, the subsequent ten are discerned to be the most significant in their effects on labor productivity: (1) Payment delay; (2) Skill of labor; (3) A shortage of experienced labor; (4) Lack of labor supervision; (5) Motivation of labor; (6) Working overtime, (7) Construction managers lack of leadership, (8) High humidity, (9) Clarity of technical specification, (10) High/low temperature. The results obtained fill a gap in knowledge of factors affecting labor productivity in Egypt, which can be used by industry practitioners to develop a wider and deeper perspective of the factors influencing the efficiency of operatives, and provide guidance to construction managers for efficient utilization of the labor force, hence assist in achieving a reasonable level of competitiveness and cost effective operation.

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Dipterous insects cause serious public health problems for both humans and animals (Linthicum, 2012). In Egypt, Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), has been investigated and declared as a vector of several diseases (El-Zayyat et al., 2017). It transmits Rift valley fever virus (Dodson et al., 2017), Japanese encephalitis (Chancey et al., 2015), Wuchereria bancrofti accredited for human lymphatic filariasis transmission (Joseph et al., 2011), and West Nile virus (Bassal et al., 2017). Culex pipiens was incriminated as the filarial vector in Egypt (El-Naggar et al., 2017) and has been recorded by all governorates without exception (Abdel-Shafi et al., 2016). Traditional insecticides were used to control mosquitoes (Killeen et al., 2017) but introduced problems in the environment by leaving undesirable residues in food, toxicological implications to human health, increased cost and handling hazards (Bonner and Alvanja, 2017). Flies have developed a certain level of resistance to most available insecticides ARTICLE INFO

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