Tumor is a mass or cells inside the brain that grows abnormally in one’s brain. Brain tumor is of two types primary and secondary. Primary tumors are hailed from brain cells and secondary tumors take place from cancer cells spread to one’s brain from other organs like lungs or breast. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely used because it gives high resolution and better-quality images. The main problem with the images is the inhomogeneity, unsharp boundaries and irregular noise which affects the results. Inhomogeneity means presence of some irrelevant information that must be removed. Unsharp boundaries are the most common problem in the images, they give blurry effect on the images that is why the information is not clear. To overcome these problems, we use the bilateral filter with the other techniques for the effective detection and segmentation. The proposed framework presents the detection and classification of the brain tumor. Bilateral filter is used to remove noise and preserves details. Bilateral filter is the best to preserve edges, sharpens the boundaries and takes care about the details of the image. By doing segmentation and classification we get the tumor detected.
Background
Postpartum sepsis is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in developing countries. This formative research elicits local terms used for postpartum illnesses and symptoms of postpartum sepsis with the aim of improving postpartum diagnosis and management in Pakistan.
Methods
We conducted 34 in-depth interviews with recently delivered women (RDW), traditional birth attendants (TBAs), healthcare providers and family members of RDW from rural Sindh to explore local Sindhi terms used to describe postpartum sepsis and related symptoms. During interviews, all participants were asked to orally free list common symptoms of postpartum illnesses; those who were aware of the concept were asked to free list possible symptoms of postpartum sepsis. The responses were recorded by the interviewer. Free listing data were analyzed for frequency and salience.
Results
Most participants, including TBAs, were not familiar with the concept of postpartum sepsis as a distinct disease or of a local term denoting the concept. Almost all could identify and report symptoms related to postpartum sepsis in the local language. Only physicians were able to recognize the term postpartum sepsis and related symptoms. Multiple local terms were used for a particular symptom; still others were used to denote gradations of severity. ‘Bukhar’ (fever) was the most commonly named symptom although it was often considered a normal part of puerperium. Many postpartum illnesses were related to the highly non-specific local term ‘kamzori’ (weakness).
Conclusions
Better awareness about local terminology used in rural areas related to postpartum sepsis could improve communication, care-seeking patterns, diagnosis and management.
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