Green and blue spaces are nature-based solutions (NBSs) that evoke positive emotions of experiencers therein. There is an impetus to optimize wetland forest landscapes by planning the geographical arrangement of metrics that promote positive emotion. The facial expressions of nature experiencers in photos, downloaded from social media databases with landscape metrics, were evaluated for emotions and given scores. Happy and sad scores were rated by FireFACE v1.0 software and positive response index (PRI) was calculated as happy score minus sad score. Spatial areas and tree height were evaluated from Landsat 8 images and digital model maps, respectively. Visitors at middle and senior ages smiled more frequently in southern parts than in northern parts, and females had higher happy scores and PRI than males. Both green- and blue-space areas had positive relationships with PRI scores, while blue spaces and their area to park area ratios had positive contributions to happy scores and PRI scores in multivariate linear regression models. Elevation had a negative relationship with positive facial emotion. Overall, based on spatial distributions of blue-space area and elevation, regional landscape was optimized so people perceived more happiness in wetlands around Zhejiang and Shanghai, while people in wetlands of Jiangxi and Hubei showed more net emotional expressions.
Interacting with aquatic environments in blue spaces is believed to benefit mental well-being. Relevant understanding is limited to regional pilot studies using self-reported emotions on questionnaires. We assessed emotional response by rating facial expressions on a large geographical scale with the purpose of detecting a relationship to microclimates. A total of 920 facial photographs were collected from Sina Weibo from 20 wetland parks in 14 eastern cities of China during 2020. Daily average air temperature, rainfall, average relative humidity (RH), and wind velocity were also recorded from the days when photographs were posted online. We found that happy expressions were higher in wetlands of eastern cities than in northern and inland cities. Sad expressions varied statistically among wetland locations. Weather records differed between temperate and subtropical climatic zones and were highly varied among cities. Happy and sad scores were driven by the change in average air temperature. Combined multivariable regression and binomial correlation suggested that increasing air temperature would not evoke positive emotions unless higher than 11.5°C, and an air temperature range of 17.5–22.3°C will be optimum to induce the presentation of a smiling face. Air humidity generally imposed a negative effect on expressions of positive emotions. Further verification of our findings is suggested on a larger geographical scale using more powerful big-data to obtain more robust conclusions.
This study developed a new type of micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) for treating rural domestic sewage with variable water volume in northern China. The transformation of a traditional aeration tank to MPSR was mainly divided into three steps. Firstly, the aeration device was installed on one side of the aeration tank. Secondly, most of the top cover plate was sealed. Finally, the liquid level-lifting zone was set to achieve micro-pressure. The study measured the flow velocity and dissolved oxygen (DO) distribution in the main reaction zone of MPSR, studied the effects of MPSR sewage treatment in continuous operation mode and sequential batch operation mode, and analyzed the main microbial species. The experimental results showed that a stable circular circle flow and a spatial DO gradient in MPSR were formed when the aeration rate of MPSR was 0.2 m3/h. Through the MPSR sewage treatment experiment in two operation modes, it could meet the current requirements of rural environmental pollution controlled in China. Analysis of the types of microorganisms showed that microorganisms with different functions gathered in different zones of the MPSR due to the different dissolved oxygen environment and water flow environment, which further improved the ability of MPSR to simultaneously remove nitrogen and phosphorus.
Low temperature environment was one of the difficulties in sewage treatment. In this study, the removal efficiency of multistage AO process was analysed under different hydraulic residence time (12 h, 8 h and 6 h) and inlet flow distribution ratio(5 : 4 : 4, 3 : 2 : 1 and 25 : 15 : 6), the rules of pollutant migration and transformation were compared and analysed under different control parameters. The results show that enhanced nitrogen removal and optimised organics utilisation were obtained simultaneously in the feeding process with hydraulic retention time of 8 h as well as influent distribution ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. HRT and inlet flow distribution ratio affect nitrogen load and organic matter distribution in each stage of the multistage AO system, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen in each stage of the system was more than 80% under optimal conditions, the total nitrogen removal rate was more than 80%, among which the synchronous nitrification and denitrification account for 29.50%.
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