Faced with the increasingly serious energy and environmental crisis in the world nowadays, the development of renewable energy has attracted increasingly more attention of all countries. Solar energy as an abundant and cheap energy is one of the most promising renewable energy sources. While high-performance solar cells have been well developed in the last couple of decades, the high module cost largely hinders wide deployment of photovoltaic devices. In the last 10 years, this urgent demand for cost-effective solar cells greatly facilitates the research of solar cells. This paper reviews the recent development of cost-effective and high-efficient solar cell technologies. This report paper covers low-cost and high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. The development and the state-of-the-art results of perovskite solar cell technologies are also introduced.
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNp) Fe 3 O 4 were prepared by chemical coprecipitation, and introduced onto collagen fibers to form magnetic collagen support (MNp-Col) for enzyme immobilization. Candida rugosa lipase has been successfully immobilized on MNp-Col supports by a covalent bond cross-linking agent, glutaraldehyde. The characteristics of MNp-Col and the immobilized lipase were investigated. The immobilized lipase displayed sound magnetic separation abilities in both aqueous and organic media. The activity of the immobilized lipase reached 2390 U/g under optimal conditions. The MNp-Col immobilized lipase shows broadened temperature and pH ranges for hydrolysis of olive oil emulsion. For synthesis of butyrate esters in an n-hexane medium, the yield changes through use of different alcohols, among which, butyric butyrate showed the highest yield. The prepared magnetic collagen fiber provides separation support for enzyme immobilization and has the potential to be used in other biotechnology fields.
Nephrotic syndrome
(NS) is one of the leading causes of end-stage
renal failure. Unfortunately, reliable surrogate markers for early
diagnosing and monitoring the entire progression of NS are as yet
absent. A method using UPLC-Q exactive HR-MS was established for the
serum metabolomic study of adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats.
Two rat nephropathy models induced by adriamycin were adopted to reflect
different degrees of renal damage of early and advanced stages. Then
two MPC5 cell models were used to verify the role of proline in the
progression of kidney injury. The results showed that seven metabolites
such as 14S-HDHA, DPA, and DHA were associated with early renal injury,
while 12 metabolites such as tryptophan, linoleyl carnitine, and LysoPC
(18:3) reflected the advanced renal disease. At the same time, metabolites
including LPE (22:6), LysoPC (22:5), and proline that changed during
the whole process of NS were defined as progressive markers. Pathway
analysis results showed that fatty acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid
metabolism, and amino acids metabolism participated in the occurrence
and development of NS. In addition, the change trend of intracellular
proline content was consistent with that in serum, and the results
were further supported by the detection of the crucial gene PYCRL.
This study provides an important basis for searching for diagnostic
markers of NS and also provides a methodological reference for early
diagnosing and monitoring the pathogenesis of other progressive diseases.
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