No abstract

This descriptive study explored different reading strategies 12 adult good Internet readers used while doing 3 Internet reading tasks, each with a different reading purpose: seeking specific information, acquiring general knowledge, and being entertained. This study investigated whether readers' strategies differed by reading purpose. Purposive selection was used in selecting adult, good, experienced Internet readers to participate in the study. The design of the study allowed for inclusion of additional participants if it was found that new reading strategies were still being identified by the 12 th reader (they were not). Data were collected through navigational records and participants' stimulated recall following the three tasks about their reading process. More than 50 strategies were identified. Some strategies were used across purposes; others were not. In addition, readers adopted different patterns of reading strategies for different reading purposes. Results of the study suggest that it may be helpful to teach developing Internet readers to be aware of their purposes for Internet reading, and to use different Internet reading strategies because of their purpose for reading, though future research needs to be conducted to ascertain whether teaching these strategies really results in improved Internet reading skills. Results of the study also add to the research base regarding which Internet reading strategies may be worth teaching.

The creation of structured shared data repositories for molecular data in the form of web-accessible databases like GenBank has been a driving force behind the genomic revolution. These resources serve not only to organize and manage molecular data being created by researchers around the globe, but also provide the starting point for data mining operations to uncover interesting information present in the large amount of sequence and structural data. To realize the full impact of the genomic and proteomic efforts of the last decade, similar resources are needed for structural and biochemical complexity in biological systems beyond the molecular level, where proteins and macromolecular complexes are situated within their cellular and tissue environments. In this review, we discuss our efforts in the development of neuroinformatics resources for managing and mining cell level imaging data derived from light and electron microscopy. We describe the main features of our web-accessible database, the Cell Centered Database (CCDB; http://ncmir.ucsd.edu/CCDB/), designed for structural and protein localization information at scales ranging from large expanses of tissue to cellular microdomains with their associated macromolecular constituents. The CCDB was created to make 3D microscopic imaging data available to the scientific community and to serve as a resource for investigating structural and macromolecular complexity of cells and tissues, particularly in the rodent nervous system.

SummaryIdentification of microbial pathogens in clinical specimens is still performed by phenotypic methods that are often slow and cumbersome, despite the availability of more comprehensive genotyping technologies. We present an approach based on whole‐genome amplification and resequencing microarrays for unbiased pathogen detection. This 10 h process identifies a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral species and predicts antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity and virulence profiles. We successfully identify a variety of bacteria and viruses, both in isolation and in complex mixtures, and the high specificity of the microarray distinguishes between different pathogens that cause diseases with overlapping symptoms. The resequencing approach also allows identification of organisms whose sequences are not tiled on the array, greatly expanding the repertoire of identifiable organisms and their variants. We identify organisms by hybridization of their DNA in as little as 1–4 h. Using this method, we identified Monkeypox virus and drug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a skin lesion taken from a child suspected of an orthopoxvirus infection, despite poor transport conditions of the sample, and a vast excess of human DNA. Our results suggest this technology could be applied in a clinical setting to test for numerous pathogens in a rapid, sensitive and unbiased manner.

No abstract

By mimicking the molecular structure of 4,4'-bis(N-carbazolyl)-2,2'-biphenyl (CBP), which is a widely used host material, a new series of host molecules (carbazole-endcapped heterofluorenes, CzHFs) were designed by linking the hole-transporting carbazole to the core heterofluorene molecules in either meta or para positions of the heterofluorene. The aromatic cores considered in this study are biphenyl, fluorene, silafluorenes, germafluorenes, carbazole, phosphafluorene, oxygafluorene, and sulfurafluorene. To reveal their molecular structures, optoelectronic properties and structure-property relationships of the proposed host materials, an in-depth theoretical investigation was elaborated via quantum chemical calculations. The electronic structures in the ground states, cationic and anionic states, and lowest triplet states of these designed molecules have been studied with emphasis on the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), energy gaps (E(g)), triplet energy gaps ((3)E(g)), as well as some other electronic properties including ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), reorganization energies (λ), triplet exciton generation fraction (χ(T)), spin density distributions (SD), and absorption spectra. These photoelectronic properties can be tuned by chemical modifications of the heteroatom and the carbazole substitution at different positions. This study provides theoretical insights into the nature of host molecules, and shows that the designed CzHFs can meet the requirements of the host materials for triplet emitters.

Phosphafluorenes have drawn increasing attention recently in the applications of organic electronic devices due to their particular optoelectronic properties. To reveal their molecular structures, optoelectronic properties, and structure-property relationships of the newly emerged functional materials, an in-depth theoretical investigation was elaborated via quantum chemical calculations. The optimized geometric and electronic structures in both ground and exited states, the mobility of the hole and electron, the absorption and emission spectra, and the singlet exciton generation fraction of these novel phosphors-containing materials have been studied by density functional theory (DFT), single excitation configuration interaction (CIS), time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) methods, and the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The results show that the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), triplet energies ((3)E(g)), energy gaps (E(g)), as well as some other electronic properties including ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), reorganization energies (lambda), the singlet exciton generation fraction, radiative lifetime, and absorption and emission spectra can be easily tuned by chemical modifications of the phosphorus atom via methyl, phenyl, oxygen, sulfur, or selenium substitution, indicating that the phosphafluorenes are interesting optoelectronic functional materials, which have great potential in the applications of OLEDs, organic solar cells, organic storage, and sensors.

Much research has demonstrated that students are largely uncritical users of Web sites as sources of information. Research-tested frameworks are needed to increase elementary-age students' awareness of the need and ability to critically evaluate Web sites as sources of information. This study is a randomized field trial of such a framework called WWWDOT. A matched-pair design involving 12 grade 4 and 5 classes was adopted. Data were collected through 3 assessments administered before and after the intervention: a questionnaire, a Single Web Site Evaluation Task, and a Web Site Ranking Task. ANCOVA and ordinal regression analyses reveal that students taught the WWWDOT framework became more aware of the need to evaluate information on the Internet for credibility and were better able to evaluate the trustworthiness of Web sites on multiple dimensions. However, students' overall judgment and ranking of the relative trustworthiness of Web sites was not improved.