This chapter reviews the general procedures and methodologies used for validating growth and yield models. More specifically, it addresses: (i) the optimism principle and model validation; (ii) model validation procedures, problems and potential areas of needed research; (iii) data considerations and data-splitting schemes in model validation; and (iv) operational thresholds for accepting or rejecting a model. The roles of visual or graphical validation, dynamic validation, as well as statistical and biological validations are discussed in more detail. The emphasis in this chapter is placed on the understanding of the validation process rather than the validation of a specific model. The limitations and the pitfalls of model validation procedures, as well as some of the frequent misuses of these procedures are discussed. Several technical and practical recommendations concerning the validation of growth and yield model are made.
With the advancement of smart phones, the rise of mobile payments has become a new payment method for consumers. The purpose of this study is to use structural equation model to verify the factors that affect consumers' behavior in using bank's mobile payment applications (APPs), so as to provide recommendations as main reference to enhance bank's mobile payment APPs. In this study, the research subjects were consumers who have used mobile payments APPs, a total of 300 valid responses were collected. The results show that security has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use; perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on perceived usefulness. Both of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significantly positive influences on functional consumption value. Furthermore, functional consumption value and perceived usefulness have significant positive effect on usage behavior. As a result, banks are recommended to continually increase cooperative merchants that can use their mobile payments APPs, support for various operating systems of mobile phones, facilitate transaction speeds, ensure personal information, and provide user friendly interfaces.
For the meat demand within domestic and imported upon entering into World Trade Organization (WTO) analysis, the almost ideal demand system (AIDS) model is utilized. The empirical results show that: domestic pork was the primary choice of Taiwanese (50.14%) among the meat items; seasons have significant effect on meat consumption; Reaction of Taiwanese were sensitive for domestic pork, domestic fishery product and imported chicken. In addition, among all meat items, imported chicken, imported beef, domestic pork and domestic fishery products have the highest expenditure elastic ties, indicating that Taiwanese would increase their consumption of these meat items more than the others. Finally, the substitution effects significantly existed in the following meat items: domestic pork and imported pork, domestic chicken and domestic fishery product, imported beef and imported chicken; the complementary effects significantly existed in the following meat items: domestic chicken and imported pork, imported beef and imported pork. The complementary effects existed between domestic pork and that of the meat items of domestic fishery product, imported beef and imported chicken. The results of this study indicate that domestic and imported meat items is not totally substitutable. In order to reduce the impacts of imported meat items on domestic markets, self-ruling production control can be a way. Strategic marketing can also be applied to segment markets using domestic meat items with distinct qualitative attributes or different harvest seasons from imported meat items.
Article HistoryThe signs of uncompensated cross-price flexibility were mixed, which revealed that there existed complementary and substitute relationships between different categories of fruit.
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