Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health. The hilly region of Uttarakhand has difficult terrain and is one of the least accessible regions of the country. This present study was to evaluate the Clinico-pathological and demographic profile of patients of cervical tubercular lymphadenitis in hilly region of Uttarakhand, India. Detailed History and physical examination was to done and all previous investigations were compiled. Routine investigations like HIV, RBS and Chest X-Ray PA view, if not done earlier, were done of every patient. Lymph nodes were assessed according to system adopted by the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 64 years with a mean age of 35 years (SD=12.27). The commonest age group was 16-30 years (42.73%). Male: Female ratio was 1:1.34. Among 110 patients, 88 (80%) presented with solid lymph nodes, 20 (18.2%) with abscess and 2 (1.8%) with discharging sinus. FNAC was done in all 110 cases and found AFB positive in 45 (40.9%) cases. Disease is relatively more common in younger patients. Constitutional symptoms were absent in some of the patients.
INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic in India is part of the global coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). India was the rst country to report over 400,000 new cases in a 24-hour period on April 30, 2021. The problems with the second wave were increasing manifolds as the symptoms of COVID-19 infections were strange and not common to the rst wave. The majority of those infected in the rst wave were the elderly with various comorbidities, but as the second wave began, the trend shifted, with younger people becoming infected. This study was conducted to evaluate the difference between chest X rays of the subjects affected in the rst and the second wave of COVID19 in India MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study in which chest X ray PA view of 40 COVID positive patients from rst wave of pandemic and 40 such patients from second wave of pandemic were selected. The age and gender of the patient were also noted. Chest X rays were evaluated and classied according to BSTI(11) and Brixia scoring system(12). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Out of total 40 patients in the rst wave 14 (35%) were female and 26 (65%) male, whereas in second wave subjects 22 (55%) were male and 18 (45%) female. BSTI classication revealed that classical features of COVID19 pneumonia were more common in the rst wave. Chest X-rays were also classied according to Brixia scoring. The average Brixia score in wave 1 and wave 2 subjects was 6.925 and 8.825 respectively. CONCLUSION: Mutations occurring within the coronavirus and vaccination against it may play a possible role in the difference of radiological pattern and extent of the disease in the consecutive waves.
INTRODUCTION: Various chest X-ray scoring systems have been discovered and are employed to correlate with clinical severity, outcome and progression of diseases. With, the coronavirus outbreak, few chest radiograph classication were formulated, like the BSTI classication and the Brixia chest X-ray score. Brixia CXR scoring is used for assessing the clinical severity and outcome of COVID-19. This study aims to compare the Brixia CXR score with clinical severity of COVID-19 patients. MATERIAL& METHODS:This was a retrospective study in which medical records of patients aged 18 years or above, who tested for RTPCR or st st Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) for COVID positive from 1 February 2021 to 31 July 2021 (6 months) were taken. These subjects were stratied into mild, moderate and severe patients according to the ICMR guidelines. Chest X Rays were obtained and lesions were classied according to Brixia scoring system. RESULTS: Out of these 375 patients, 123 (32.8%) were female and 252 (67.2%) were male subjects. The average brixia score was 11.12. Average Brixia CXR score for mild, moderate and severe diseased subjects were 5.23, 11.20, and 14.43 respectively. DISCUSSION:The extent of chest x-ray involvement is proportional to the clinical severity of the patient. Although, a perplexing nding was that the average Brixia score of the female subjects were slightly higher than their male counterparts in the same clinical groups. CONCLUSION: Brixia CXR score correlates well with the clinical severity of the COVID-19.
Background:With distinct geographical and demographic conditions prevalent in the regions of Himalayan foothills, it seems questionable to assess the children from these areas using the standards based upon growth pattern of children from major central cities of the country. To answer this question, we compared the growth parameters of apparently healthy children, attending our out-patient clinic, with corresponding median values for age from national reference data.Materials and Methods:The growth parameters of apparently healthy children were compared with the expected value for age that is, median value for the corresponding age from the recommended national reference data (Agarwal et al).Results:Data from 205 boys and 200 girls, aged 5–18 years, were finally evaluated. The considerable difference was observed between growth parameters. Children from Uttarakhand were observed to be lighter, especially in older age groups and taller, especially in younger age groups, when compared with corresponding median values from reference data.Conclusion:It appears inappropriate to interpret the growth parameters of the children of this region in the background of index national reference.
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