INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic in India is part of the global coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2). India was the rst country to report over 400,000 new cases in a 24-hour period on April 30, 2021. The problems with the second wave were increasing manifolds as the symptoms of COVID-19 infections were strange and not common to the rst wave. The majority of those infected in the rst wave were the elderly with various comorbidities, but as the second wave began, the trend shifted, with younger people becoming infected. This study was conducted to evaluate the difference between chest X rays of the subjects affected in the rst and the second wave of COVID19 in India MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a retrospective study in which chest X ray PA view of 40 COVID positive patients from rst wave of pandemic and 40 such patients from second wave of pandemic were selected. The age and gender of the patient were also noted. Chest X rays were evaluated and classied according to BSTI(11) and Brixia scoring system(12). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Out of total 40 patients in the rst wave 14 (35%) were female and 26 (65%) male, whereas in second wave subjects 22 (55%) were male and 18 (45%) female. BSTI classication revealed that classical features of COVID19 pneumonia were more common in the rst wave. Chest X-rays were also classied according to Brixia scoring. The average Brixia score in wave 1 and wave 2 subjects was 6.925 and 8.825 respectively. CONCLUSION: Mutations occurring within the coronavirus and vaccination against it may play a possible role in the difference of radiological pattern and extent of the disease in the consecutive waves.
INTRODUCTION: Various chest X-ray scoring systems have been discovered and are employed to correlate with clinical severity, outcome and progression of diseases. With, the coronavirus outbreak, few chest radiograph classication were formulated, like the BSTI classication and the Brixia chest X-ray score. Brixia CXR scoring is used for assessing the clinical severity and outcome of COVID-19. This study aims to compare the Brixia CXR score with clinical severity of COVID-19 patients. MATERIAL& METHODS:This was a retrospective study in which medical records of patients aged 18 years or above, who tested for RTPCR or st st Rapid Antigen Test (RAT) for COVID positive from 1 February 2021 to 31 July 2021 (6 months) were taken. These subjects were stratied into mild, moderate and severe patients according to the ICMR guidelines. Chest X Rays were obtained and lesions were classied according to Brixia scoring system. RESULTS: Out of these 375 patients, 123 (32.8%) were female and 252 (67.2%) were male subjects. The average brixia score was 11.12. Average Brixia CXR score for mild, moderate and severe diseased subjects were 5.23, 11.20, and 14.43 respectively. DISCUSSION:The extent of chest x-ray involvement is proportional to the clinical severity of the patient. Although, a perplexing nding was that the average Brixia score of the female subjects were slightly higher than their male counterparts in the same clinical groups. CONCLUSION: Brixia CXR score correlates well with the clinical severity of the COVID-19.
INTRODUCTION: gen Tests (RAT), but radiological imaging also plays an important role in diagnosing and severity assessment of the disease. The extent of lung involvement and consequently the severity of the COVID can be assessed by the CT Severity Scoring. MATERIAL & METHODS: This was a retrospective study done at a tertiary care centre in Uttarakhand to compare lung involvement and radiological features in COVID vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. CTSI score of CT chest of the patients was done. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: Out of 50 subjects, 32 were never vaccinated, 9 were vaccinated with a single dose and 9 subjects had been vaccinated by 2 doses. CTSI Scoring of each CT scan was done. Average CTSI score was 11.7, overall. CTSI score for non-vaccinated was 15.28, CTSI score for vaccinated was 5.39. CTSI score for single dose COVID vaccinated subjects was 7.22, while CTSI score of subjects who got both shots of vaccine was 3.56. CONCLUSION: In vaccinated individuals, the disease is restricted to the lower lobes. COVID patients who got both shots of COVID vaccine were less prone for lung damage, and hence had milder disease compared to non-vaccinated patients of COVID-19.
Background: Radiological imaging also plays an important role in diagnosing and severity assessment of the disease. British Society of Thoracic Imaging released guidance for reporting computed tomography as well as chest radiographs. We conducted this study to assess the sensitivity and specicity of chest radiograph for COVID-19 patients attending a COVID Hospital in India. Material And Methods: This was a retrospective study in which suspected COVID-19 patients attending HNB Base Hospital, Srinagar, Uttarakhand from April 2021 to June 2021 who underwent RTPCR and chest radiographs were taken. Chest X-rays were classied according to the BSTI chest X-ray report Performa. This Performa was then compared with the RTPCR reports of the patients to calculate the sensitivity and specicity. Results: Comparison of the four chest X-ray groups according to the BSTI guidance with RT-PCR status was done. It revealed that almost 85.48% of the normal chest X-ray group were RT-PCR positive and 30.68% of the chest X-rays that had classic or probable COVID-19 features came out to be RT-PCR negative. 75% of patients who were grouped in Non-COVID-19 in accordance with their chest x-ray features were RT-PCR positive. Discussion And Conclusion: The specicity (40.66%) and sensitivity (50.62%) of the BSTI guidance for chest x-ray are low as shown in our study. The main drawback of this study is that we have kept RT-PCR as the gold standard.
Bronchodilators and corticosteroids are crucial for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients to maintain disease control.(1) Anti-asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) drugs are best delivered by inhalation.(2) Inhalation of respiratory drugs results in a higher concentration in the airways, a faster onset of action, and less systemic side effects than systemic administration. However, in order for the drug to be delivered efciently, using an inhaler is a skill that must be learned and practised.(3)
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