Aim To investigate the potential application of concentrated growth factor (CGF) to promote pulp regeneration within immature teeth. Methodology Concentrated growth factor clots produced from peripheral blood samples were investigated histologically by haematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining and evaluated morphologically by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cytokines were extracted from the CGF, and representative cytokines were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The biological effects of the CGF on human stem cells from the apical papilla (SCAPs) were then investigated and quantified, including cell proliferation, cell migration, mineralized nodule formation, and the gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), dentine sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentine matrix protein (DMP)‐1. The results were analysed statistically using one‐way analysis of variance (anova). Results Concentrated growth factor had a complex three‐dimensional structure with a high density of platelets and nucleated cells. Representative growth factors including PDGF‐BB, IGF‐1, TGF‐β1, bFGF and VEGF were detected. The growth rate and migratory cell numbers of the CGF groups were significantly greater than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). The mineralization areas in the CGF groups were significantly larger than those in the control groups (P < 0.05). The expression levels of ALP, DSPP and DMP‐1 were significantly up‐regulated after induction by CGF (P < 0.05). Conclusions Concentrated growth factor promoted the proliferation, migration and differentiation of SCAPs and could be a promising biomaterial applied in regenerative endodontics.
Recently, programmable assembly technologies have enabled the application of DNA in the creation of new nanomaterials with unprecedented functionality. One of the most common DNA nanostructures is the tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN), which has attracted great interest worldwide due to its high stability, simple assembly procedure, high predictability, perfect programmability, and excellent biocompatibility. The unique spatial structure of TDN allows it to penetrate cell membranes in abundance and regulate cellular biological properties as a natural genetic material. Previous studies have demonstrated that TDNs can regulate various cellular biological properties, including promoting cells proliferation, migration and differentiation, inhibiting cells apoptosis, as well as possessing anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, functional molecules can be easily modified at the vertices of DNA tetrahedron, DNA double helix structure, DNA tetrahedral arms or DNA tetrahedral cage structure, enabling TDN to be used as a nanocarrier for a variety of biological applications, including targeted therapies, molecular diagnosis, biosensing, antibacterial treatment, antitumor strategies, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we mainly focus on the current progress of TDNbased nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications, bone and cartilage tissue repair and regeneration. The synthesis and characterization of TDN, as well as the biological merits are introduced. In addition, the challenges and prospects of TDN-based nanomaterials are also discussed.
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease caused by bacterial irritation. As an essential component of the host immunity, macrophages are highly plastic and play a crucial role in inflammatory response. An appropriate and timely transition from proinflammatory (M1) to anti‐inflammatory (M2) macrophages is indispensable for treating periodontitis. As M2 macrophage‐derived exosomes (M2‐exos) can actively target inflammatory sites and modulate immune microenvironments, M2‐exos can effectively treat periodontitis. Excessive endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are highly destructive pathological characteristics during inflammatory periodontal bone loss. Although melatonin has antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects, studies focusing on melatonin ER stress modulation remain limited. This study fabricates engineered M2‐exos loading with melatonin (Mel@M2‐exos) for treating periodontitis. As a result, M2‐exos drive an appropriate and timely macrophage reprogramming from M1 to M2 type, which resolves chronic inflammation and accelerated periodontal healing. Melatonin released from Mel@M2‐exos rescues the osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation capacity in inflammatory human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) by reducing excessive ER stress and UPR. Injectable gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels with sustained‐release Mel@M2‐exos accelerate periodontal bone regeneration in rats with ligation‐induced periodontitis. Taken together, melatonin engineering M2 macrophage‐derived exosomes are promising candidates for inflammatory periodontal tissue regeneration.
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