The Current Progress of Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructure for Antibacterial Application and Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

Recently, programmable assembly technologies have enabled the application of DNA in the creation of new nanomaterials with unprecedented functionality. One of the most common DNA nanostructures is the tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN), which has attracted great interest worldwide due to its high stability, simple assembly procedure, high predictability, perfect programmability, and excellent biocompatibility. The unique spatial structure of TDN allows it to penetrate cell membranes in abundance and regulate cellular biological properties as a natural genetic material. Previous studies have demonstrated that TDNs can regulate various cellular biological properties, including promoting cells proliferation, migration and differentiation, inhibiting cells apoptosis, as well as possessing anti-inflammation and immunomodulatory capabilities. Furthermore, functional molecules can be easily modified at the vertices of DNA tetrahedron, DNA double helix structure, DNA tetrahedral arms or DNA tetrahedral cage structure, enabling TDN to be used as a nanocarrier for a variety of biological applications, including targeted therapies, molecular diagnosis, biosensing, antibacterial treatment, antitumor strategies, and tissue regeneration. In this review, we mainly focus on the current progress of TDNbased nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications, bone and cartilage tissue repair and regeneration. The synthesis and characterization of TDN, as well as the biological merits are introduced. In addition, the challenges and prospects of TDN-based nanomaterials are also discussed.

Therapeutic and diagnostic applications of antisense peptide nucleic acids

“… 33 Tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) are a method of DNA nanotechnology that possess structural stability and rigidity, and are able to enter cells autonomously, in size-independent fashions. 34 TDNs are able to minimize electrostatic repulsion in the membrane and enter the cell without the assistance of transfection agents. Some studies have suggested that TDNs enter cells via a caveolin-dependent endocytosis pathway.…”

“…Some studies have suggested that TDNs enter cells via a caveolin-dependent endocytosis pathway. 34 Recently, Zhang et al. developed an antisense PNA that was incorporated into a TDN, which was effectively taken up by cells.…”

Enigma of Pyramidal Neurons: Chirality-Centric View on Biological Evolution. Congruence to Molecular, Cellular, Physiological, Cognitive, and Psychological Functions

“…Notably, the common symmetry principles guide the external and internal determinants of cell morphology, assembly, and functions of intracellular molecules. Understanding this fundamental commonality is necessary for neuroscience-inspired AI [212][213][214]. Protein assemblies adopting tetrahedral symmetry create shell-like architectures [215].…”

Recent Advances in Chemically Engineered Nanostructures Impact on Ischemic Stroke Treatment

“…Increased cell migration, osteogenic differentiation capacity, anti-inflammatory and ROS-scavenging capacity, and chondrocyte phenotypic maintenance capacity are some of these characteristics. These characteristics make TDN appropriate for application in bone tissue regeneration and repair as a tailored nanocarrier for medical treatments or as a bioactive nanomaterial . Jungju Oh et al studied the treatment of ischemic stroke and created a self-assembling nanoparticle made of deoxycholate-conjugated polyethylenimine-2k (DP2k), HO-1 plasmid, and hypoxia-specific antireceptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) peptides.…”

“…These characteristics make TDN appropriate for application in bone tissue regeneration and repair as a tailored nanocarrier for medical treatments or as a bioactive nanomaterial. 99 Jungju Oh et al studied the treatment of ischemic stroke and created a self-assembling nanoparticle made of deoxycholate-conjugated polyethylenimine-2k (DP2k), HO-1 plasmid, and hypoxia-specific antireceptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) peptides. RAGE overexpression and inflammation are both present in the ischemic brain.…”