BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anemia is most common nutritional deficiency in pregnant women due to increased iron turnover and additional requirement by fetus. Glycemic index is popularly measured by assessing glycated proteins. HbA1c is affected by several factors including pregnancy.OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women and glycated protein (HbA1c).PATIENTS AND METHODS: It is a prospective study conducted at a tertiary care hospital between the duration of April 2019 to June 2019. Total of 40 normal females were taken as control group, while 42 pregnant non – diabetic iron deficient patients.RESULTS: Both groups included females of reproductive age. All parameters including hemoglobin, serum iron, serum total iron – binding capacity (TIBC), serum transferrin saturation and serum ferritin showed statistically significant between two groups (p <0.001). HbA1c also showed statically significant difference (p = 0.021).CONSLUSION: Study showed strong correlation between iron deficiency anemia and glycated proteins as it is increased as iron deficiency develops. So it may give false increase in levels in evaluation of glycemic index.
Background: Hematological derangements are among the common complications associated with HIV infection. HIV infection may affect any cell line causing, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leucopenia or may cause pancytopenia.Patients and Materials: This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from March 2020 to June 2020. Patients were diagnosed as HIV positive as per WHO criteria. Detailed medical history, physical examination, and investigations were conducted. Data was collected and analyzed on SPSS version 21.0.Results: Total 92 patients were selected for the study. Patients were divided into two groups. Group A consists of 48 control patients. Group B consists of 44 HIV – positive patients. Majority of patients belonged to reproductive age group (16 – 45 years) in both groups. Male to female ratio was higher (4:1) in both groups. Common clinical features among patients were fever (85%), weight loss (73%), anemia (35%) and oral thrush (19%) in Group B.Conclusion: Hematological abnormalities were present in presence of HIV infection as compared to control group. This may has significant effect on clinical outcome of the disease. So all the HIV- positive patients should be investigated for routine hematological evaluation.
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently spreading fast around the world. The rate of acute kidney damage (AKI) in patients hospitalized with Covid-19, as well as the outcomes related with it, are unknown. The goal of this study was to see if having acute kidney damage (AKI) increased the risk of severe infection and death in COVID-19 patients. It also described the symptoms, risk factors, and outcomes of AKI in Covid-19 patients. Material and Methods: We undertook a retrospective cohort from June 2020 and March 2021 to examine the connection between AKI and patient outcomes COVID-19. Results: The most common comorbid condition was hypertension and diabetes followed by chronic kidney disease and ischemic heart disease. Most of the patients who required low dose oxygen with nasal prongs, face masks, or rebreathing masks were in control groups (76.2% vs. 50.6%; p <.001). More patients in AKI group needed non-invasive ventilation and invasive mechanical ventilation compared to control group (33.8% vs. 19.9%; p .001, 15.6% vs. 3.9%; p <.001 respectively. Patients in the AKI group had higher levels of C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer, and serum. Of 145 patients who developed AKI, 29 (20%) needed hemodialysis. Of 29 patients who needed hemodialysis, 18 (62%) expired. A higher number of patients in the control group were discharged than patients in the AKI group (82.1% vs. 56.9%; p <.001). One hundred five patients were expired, with higher mortality in the AKI group (41.7% vs. 12.4%; p <.001). Conclusion: COVID-19 patients admitted to the hospital, AKI is associated with a shockingly high fatality rate. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, ischemic heart disease, lactate dehydrogenase.
This study explores the role of leading newspapers of both America and Pakistan on the war-on-terror (WoT). The comparative framing analysis of the WoT in the selected newspapers Dawn (Pakistan) and The New York Times (USA) was carried out. Content analysis in which Categorization Scheme was used with predefined categories that were made on the basis of Framing theory. Five different news frames are deduced by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) i.e. attribution of responsibility, human interest, conflict, morality, and economics were looked at in the selected newspapers. The coverage and framing of USA’s press related to the war on terror were dominated by regional foreign politics especially the framing of Pakistan and its role in the war on terror. The mean length of the news stories in The New York Times (USA) was significantly more than Dawn. The New York Times (USA) carried a more negative tone than Dawn (Pakistan). Frames used in Dawn (Pakistan) and The New York Times (USA) did not have a statistically significant difference. The conflict frame was used more than any other frame in the coverage of WoT in both the newspapers. This study revealed that the coverage trend of media reporting on WoT in the press of both Pakistan and USA. Also how frames in the press used are subjective to the internal politics of country in order to receive a sense of legitimacy and support.
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