Objective To compare pulmonary function in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) studied at 34-36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) with a reference group of "healthy" infants born at 34-36 weeks. We hypothesized that ELBW infants have decreased functional residual capacity (FRC) and respiratory compliance (Crs). Study design Pulmonary function testing was performed at 34-36 weeks PMA in infants with BPD and within 96 h of age in infants delivered at 34-36 weeks. Results Twenty BPD patients and 20 healthy infants were studied. FRC (18.9 versus 26.2 mL/kg; adjusted 95% CI 5.0, 10.9; P < 0.001) and Crs (0.80 versus 1.29-mL/cm H 2 O/kg; 95% CI 0.31, 0.71; P < 0.001) were decreased in BPD patients. Respiratory resistance was increased in BPD patients. Conclusions ELBW infants with BPD have decreased pulmonary function compared to healthy infants delivered at 34-36 weeks. This suggests that infants with BPD have smaller lung volumes.

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People engaged in efforts to improve services to emerging adults with serious mental health challenges have reached the conclusion that service change at the program or agency level is not sustainable without related changes at the systems or policy level. This article focuses on one set of efforts to create intentional system change at both the community and state levels. These changes were pursued by states and communities that received grants under the federally funded Healthy Transitions Initiative (HTI), with the aim of creating more effective services for emerging adults with serious mental health conditions. The article reviews the development of a measure to assess systems change efforts at the state and community levels and describes the findings that emerged when the measure was used to assess the change that occurred in the HTI sites over a period of approximately three and a half years.

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