R ice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop of more than half of the inhabitants across the globe (Khush, 2004). In Pakistan, after wheat, it occupies 2 nd position. Its cropped area was 3034 M ha and production was 7.410 M tons (Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2019). Among the cereal crops, rice is an important export commodity (Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2019). It contributes 3.1% in value addition to agriculture and 0.6% in the GDP (Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2019). The average yield of rice in Pakistan is about 2.44 t ha -1 (Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2019) which is low as compared to other rice producing countries due to many constraints including proper crop establishing techniques (Aslam, 2016).In Asia rice is growing by transplanting, rice seedlings manually in puddled soil which is a widely adopted method. It consumes abundant water (Bouman and Tuong, 2001). Whereas, water resources are declining day by day. Its judicious use is gaining a pivotal importance to fulfil future water and food demand for the growing population (Mahajan et al., 2012). Shrinking water resources availability is a threat for the future rice production in Asia (Mahajan et al., 2012) and will adversely affect the sustainability of Abstract | Planting method is an important aspect of production technology for the maximum resource utilization by crops per unit area. Dry-seeded rice (DSR) is a contemporary resource saving crop establishing technique, which enables farmers to harvest economical rice production. Field study was conducted at Rice Research Institute, Kala Shah Kaku, Pakistan in 2014 and in 2015 to evaluate the different planting methods. Three dry-seeded rice (DSR) planting methods viz. (i) DSR-broadcast, (ii) DSR-drill, (iii) DSR-ridges were compared with the conventional transplanting (TR) method in lines having row to row and plant to plant distance of 22.5cm distance, and farmer transplanting method. Experimental design was randomized complete block, replicated 3 times. Data were recorded on height (cm), tillers m -2 , filled and unfilled grains panicle -1 , thousand grain weight (g), grain and biomass yield (t ha -1 ). Grain sterility (%) and harvest index (%) were also calculated. Highest grain yield (5.00 to 5.11 t ha -1 ) with harvest index (30.00 to 31.50%) and relatively low grain sterility (12.00 to 12.01%) were observed in DSR-ridge and DSR-drill sowing method. Moreover, DSR (i.e. DSR-ridge and -drill) resulted in 104 and 76 % more profit over TR-farmer practice. The study concluded that DSR-ridge and DSR-drill proved to be the best to obtain the maximum paddy yield and net profit. Farmers can adopt these methods to harvest maximum benefit.
R ice is one of the most important food commodities and provides major portion of daily calories requirement, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries (Fukagawa and Ziska, 2019). The world population is increasing at an exponential rate, demanding approximately 70% increase in food production to meet the food security targets by 2050 (Fróna et al., 2014). Water scarcity or drought is one of the biggest threats to food security worldwide and could reduce crop production by 50% (Budak et al., 2015). Therefore, management of drought stress is crucial for successfully achieving the desired production targets. About 77% of the total cultivated rice is conventionally transplanted globally Abstract | Rice is the staple food of more than 50% of the world's population, and water scarcity is threating its sustainable production. Dry seeded rice (DSR) technology has water and labour saving advantages over conventional transplanting culture, however, poor crop establishment due to reduced germination in variable field conditions greatly hampers its large-scale adaption. To address subordinate germination issues, we investigated the effects of five salicylic acid (SA) concentrations (0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 ppm) on polyethylene glycol (PEG) induced drought stress conditions (0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa). Highly significant (p < 0.01) effects of drought, SA and their interactions were observed on seed germination. Interestingly, varying SA concentrations imparted more pronounced effects under higher osmotic stress levels. Day-wise germination data indicated that the SA treatments alleviated inhibitory effects of different osmotic stress levels after 2-4 days of stress applications. Under medium to high osmotic stress levels, mean germination time, germination index and seed vigour index (SVI) of SA primed seeds were better than non-primed seeds. Remarkably, SVI of all SA concentrations under -0.2 MPa osmotic stress was surprisingly improved as compared with control and other osmotic stress levels, indicating a 'drought-escape strategy' in rice seeds under low osmotic stress level. Overall, our results indicated that seed priming with 225 ppm SA concentration is ideal under all environments and should be recommended in DSR system to improve early crop establishment and sustainable production.
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Basmati is the type of rice (Oryza sativa L.) which is long, slender-grained aromatic rice traditionally from the India and Pakistan. Basmati rice is considered sensitive to photoperiod as well as temperature and is highly affected by these climatic factors resulting in significant yield fluctuations. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to study the effects of these climatic factors on grain, cooking and nutritional qualities of eight advance pure Basmati rice lines by transplanting these lines at four different dates. The results suggested that all the pure basmati lines or genotypes initiates flowering within a specific range of day length duration and temperature. Delaying the transplanting date did not affect the flowering time of studied basmati lines that indicates the lines were pure basmati in nature and had a strong basmati background. Maximum average yield was observed between 23rd June and 14 th of July as depicted by yield data of all the dates. Head rice recovery was increased by delaying the dates of transplanting. Protein and amylose contents were recorded highest when lines were transplanted on 14 th of July. Bursting was reduced with the delayed transplanting while cooked grain length showed no significant changes with delay in transplanting. Average grain length, average grain thickness and average grain width also remained unchanged by transplanting delay.
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