Abstract-Novel computing systems are increasingly being composed of large numbers of heterogeneous components, each with potentially different goals or local perspectives, and connected in networks which change over time. Management of such systems quickly becomes infeasible for humans. As such, future computing systems should be able to achieve advanced levels of autonomous behaviour. In this context, the system's ability to be self-aware and be able to self-express becomes important. This paper surveys definitions and current understanding of self-awareness and self-expression in biology and cognitive science. Subsequently, previous efforts to apply these concepts to computing systems are described. This has enabled the development of novel working definitions for selfawareness and self-expression within the context of computing systems.

This study examined whether polygraph testing would result in sex offenders engaging in fewer high-risk behaviors. Fifty adult male sex offenders taking part in community treatment programs were allocated into 2 groups: "Polygraph Aware" subjects were told they would receive a polygraph examination in 3 months regarding their high-risk behaviors, while "Polygraph Unaware" subjects were told their behavior would be reviewed in 3 months. Relevant behaviors for each subject were established at baseline interviews, following which both groups were polygraphed at 3 months. All subjects were polygraphed again at 6 months. The hypothesis was that subjects in the "Polygraph Aware" group would have engaged in fewer high-risk behaviors, based on their self-report during the examination. Thirty-two subjects (64%) attended the first polygraph examination, with 31 (97%) disclosing an average of 2.45 high-risk behaviors each previously unknown to supervising probation officers. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Because of the high failure rate, all subjects were told to expect a second polygraph. Twenty-one subjects (42%) completed the second polygraph test, with 71% disclosing an average of 1.57 behaviors, a significant decrease compared with the first test. Disclosures to treatment providers and probation officers also increased. It was concluded that polygraph testing resulted in offenders engaging in less high-risk behavior, although the possibility that offenders fabricated reports of high-risk behaviours to satisfy examiners is also considered; similarly, offenders seemed to be more honest with their supervisors, but this only occurred after experience of the test itself. Feedback from offenders who completed the study, taken together with the high drop out rate, suggested that those motivated not to reoffend found polygraphy useful, while those less motivated sought to avoid it.

Senior lecturers/lecturers in mental health nursing (11 in round one, nine in round two, and eight in the final round) participated in a three-round Delphi study into the teaching of health care ethics (HCE) to students of nursing. The participants were drawn from six (round one) and four (round three) UK universities. Information was gathered on the organization, methods used and content of HCE modules. Questionnaire responses were transcribed and the content analysed for patterns of interest and areas of convergence or divergence. Findings include: the majority (72.8%) of the sample believed that insufficient time was allocated to the teaching of HCE; case studies were considered a popular, although problematic, teaching method; the 'four principles' approach was less than dominant in the teaching of HCE; and virtue ethics was taught by only 36.4% of the participants. The Delphi technique proved adequate and worth while for the purposes of this study. Further empirical research could aim to replicate or contradict these findings, using a larger sample and recruiting more university departments. Reflection is required on several issues, including the depth and breadth to which ethics theory and, more controversially, meta-ethics, are taught to nursing students.

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This study examined whether polygraph testing would result in sex offenders engaging in fewer high-risk behaviors. Fifty adult male sex offenders taking part in community treatment programs were allocated into 2 groups: "Polygraph Aware" subjects were told they would receive a polygraph examination in 3 months regarding their high-risk behaviors, while "Polygraph Unaware" subjects were told their behavior would be reviewed in 3 months. Relevant behaviors for each subject were established at baseline interviews, following which both groups were polygraphed at 3 months. All subjects were polygraphed again at 6 months. The hypothesis was that subjects in the "Polygraph Aware" group would have engaged in fewer high-risk behaviors, based on their self-report during the examination. Thirty-two subjects (64%) attended the first polygraph examination, with 31 (97%) disclosing an average of 2.45 high-risk behaviors each previously unknown to supervising probation officers. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Because of the high failure rate, all subjects were told to expect a second polygraph. Twenty-one subjects (42%) completed the second polygraph test, with 71% disclosing an average of 1.57 behaviors, a significant decrease compared with the first test. Disclosures to treatment providers and probation officers also increased. It was concluded that polygraph testing resulted in offenders engaging in less high-risk behavior, although the possibility that offenders fabricated reports of high-risk behaviours to satisfy examiners is also considered; similarly, offenders seemed to be more honest with their supervisors, but this only occurred after experience of the test itself. Feedback from offenders who completed the study, taken together with the high drop out rate, suggested that those motivated not to reoffend found polygraphy useful, while those less motivated sought to avoid it.

High rates of undetected mental disorder have been reported in male remand prisons. Little is known about the levels of mental disorder that are undetected among female remand prisoners. The aims of the study were to assess the prevalence of mental disorder in newly remanded female prisoners and the ef cacy of the prison health screen at identifying mental disorder. To achieve these aims consecutive female remand prisoners were screened for mental disorder at reception to prison. Diagnosis of mental disorder was compared with the ndings from the standard prison health screen. There were 227 (59%) women who had at least one mental disorder (excluding substance dependence), of whom 42 (11%) were psychotic. The prison reception screening identi ed 81 women as having a mental disorder, and nine of them were psychotic. These results lead us to conclude that the prevalence of mental disorder, including psychoses, is very high in this population. The existing prison reception screening does not identify the majority of cases of mental disorder.

A three-round Delphi study was conducted to gather data on ethical reasoning among psychiatric nurses (N = 26 in round one (R1), decreasing to N = 14 in the final round (R3)). Transcripts of questionnaires were carefully read and compared. Responses were manually sorted into categories, themes and patterns of interest. Eight debates emerged from the data. This article discusses two in detail: the nature of moral virtues and the meaning of compassion in psychiatric nursing. A sympathetic overview of virtue ethics is also provided. The nurses' responses included a lot of virtue terms, such as, 'honest', 'fair', and 'care". However, 'nurses' moral virtues' was ranked low in importance as a notion invoked in ethical decision making in the round-one ranking exercise. Only half of the sample believed that the moral character of a psychiatric nurse is important in ethical decision-making. Further, most of the round-one sample thought the virtues could not be acquired. Compassion was identified as crucial to psychiatric nursing and the nurse-client relationship, though, as expected, many diverse meanings were attributed to this notion. While the Delphi method proved adequate for our purposes, problems with regard to accurately understanding the respondents' intended meanings highlighted a major weakness of this technique, in common with other methods relying on questionnaires. Further inquiry is needed regarding the role of moral virtues and virtue ethics in both psychiatric nursing and nurse education.

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