An introduction to fixation and embedding procedures I and their safe use in the laboratory 1.1 The scope of this book I 1.2 Criteria for the good preservation of ukrastructure 4 1.3 Artefacts in electron micrographs 6 1.4 Safety precautions in the electron microscope laboratory 9 1.4.1 General safety precautions 9 1.4.2 Hazards from electrical equipment and fire 10 1.4.3 Safe procedures for handling animals II 1.4.4 Dangers from sharp implements 12 1.4.5 Safe procedures with chemicals 12 1.4.5a Labelling for toxidty and flammabilivy 12 1.4.5b The safe handling of chemicals 15 1.4.5c Storage and disposal of chemicals 16 1.4.6 Hazards with liquid nitrogen II 1.4.7 First-aid in the laboratory 18 2 Fixatives 2 f 2. / An introduction to fixation 21 2.1.1 The development of fixatives for electron microscopy 22 2.1.2 The chemistry and physics of fixation 24 2.1.3 The penetration of fixatives 25 2.1.4 The choice of aldehyde fixative 27 2.2 The safe preparation and disposal of fixatives 29 2.2.1 Preparation of a fixative 30 2.2.2 Disposal of fixatives 32 2.2.3 Spillages 33 xiv Contents 2.3 Vehicles for fixatives 2.3.1 The choice of buffer 2.3.2 Osmolarity " 35 2.3.3 The preparation of buffers 37 2.4 Glutaraldehyde fixatives 2.4.1 The effects of glutaraldehyde on cells and tissues 40 2.4.1 a Reactions of glutaraldehyde with proteins 40 2.4.1b Reactions of glutaraldehyde with other cell constituents 44 2.4.1c The effects of the osmolarity of glutaraldehyde fixatives 44 2.4.2 The preparation of glutaraldehyde fixatives 45
Background:The doctor-patient relationship has been eroded by many factors. Would e-mail enhance communication and address some of the barriers inherent to our medical practices?Methods: Of our study population, 4 physicians offered e-mail communication to participating patients and 4 did not. Both patients and physicians completed questionnaires regarding satisfaction, perceived quality, convenience, and promptness of the communication.Results: Patient satisfaction significantly increased in the e-mail group compared with the control group in the areas of convenience (P < .0001) and the amount of time spent contacting their physician (P < .0001). Physician satisfaction in the e-mail group increased regarding convenience, amount of time spent on messages, and volume of messages. The response time was longer with e-mail. When asked if patients should be able to e-mail their physicians, most patients in the e-mail group and all but 2 of the physicians in the non-e-mail group responded "yes."Conclusion: E-mail communication was found to be a more convenient form of communication. Satisfaction by both patients and physicians improved in the e-mail group. The volume of messages and the time spent answering messages for the e-mail group physicians was not increased. E-mail has the potential to improve the doctor-patient relationship as a result of better communication.
Abstract-Novel computing systems are increasingly being composed of large numbers of heterogeneous components, each with potentially different goals or local perspectives, and connected in networks which change over time. Management of such systems quickly becomes infeasible for humans. As such, future computing systems should be able to achieve advanced levels of autonomous behaviour. In this context, the system's ability to be self-aware and be able to self-express becomes important. This paper surveys definitions and current understanding of self-awareness and self-expression in biology and cognitive science. Subsequently, previous efforts to apply these concepts to computing systems are described. This has enabled the development of novel working definitions for selfawareness and self-expression within the context of computing systems.
BackgroundThere has been considerable work on tracking systems, for example, see [11] [9]. Our system draws ideas from these and other earlier work. While many of the basic ideas are similar, the details are often quite different, and are what account for the systems unique abilities.Some of the major differences stem from our area of application. Our goal is to track targets in a perimeter security type setting, i.e. outdoor operation in area of moderate to high cover. We seek real-time algorithms suitable for COTS (Common-Off-The-Sheff) type of computing, and use x86 based processors. This domain of application significantly restricts the techniques that can be applied. Some of the conThis work supported in part by DARPA Image Understanding's VSAM program. straints, and their implications for our systems include:The lighting is naturally varying. We must handle sunlight filtered through trees and intermittent cloud cover. (We are not considering IR cameras, yet).Targets use camouflage, thus it is unlikely that color will add much information. Figure 3 shows an example scene with a sniper in the grass.Targets will be moving in areas with large amounts of occlusion; finding/classifying outlines will be difficult.Trees/brush/clouds all move. The system must have algorithms to help distinguish these "insignificant" motions from target motions.Many targets will move slowly (less than [1/ 60] pixel per frame); some will move even more slowly. Some will try very hard to blend into the motion of the trees/brush. Therefore frame-to-frame differencing is of limited value. Temporal adaption schemes must not add slow targets to the background.Targets will not, in general, be "upright" or isolated. Thus we have not added "labeling" of targets based on simple shape/scale/orientation models.Targets need to be detected quickly and when they are still very small and distant, e.g. about 10-20 pixels on target.Correlation, template matching, and related techniques cannot be effectively used because of large amounts of occlusion and because in a paraimage, image translation is a very poor model; objects translating in the world undergo rotation and non-linear scaling.Note that, except for the last, these are all generic problem constraints and are not dependent on the geometry of the paraimage. If a system can track under these constraints it can be used in many situations, not just omni-directional tracking in outdoor settings.We also note that, the detection phase is crucial; if targets are not detected they will not be tracked. Detection is also an area where the domain constraints make this more difficult than the situtations considered in most past papers. As a result, much of this paper (and the systems effort) is concentrated on the detection phase. Because of the camouflage and 1
In this paper we present an approach to object tracking handover in a network of smart cameras, based on self-interested autonomous agents, which exchange responsibility for tracking objects in a market mechanism, in order to maximise their own utility. A novel ant-colony inspired mechanism is used to learn the vision graph, i.e., the camera neighbourhood relations, during runtime, which may then be used to optimise communication between cameras. The key benefits of our completely decentralised approach are on the one hand generating the vision graph online, enabling efficient deployment in unknown scenarios and camera network topologies, and on the other hand relying only on local information, increasing the robustness of the system. Since our market-based approach does not rely on a priori topology information, the need for any multi-camera calibration can be avoided. We have evaluated our approach both in a simulation study and in network of real distributed smart cameras.
Background The Institute of Medicine (IOM) proposed that cancer survivors and their primary care providers (PCPs) should receive survivorship care plans to inform ongoing care. We aimed to determine PCPs’ preferences for the content of survivorship care plans for colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. Methods PCPs in three practice-based research networks completed a survey regarding 45 topics of CRC information based on the IOM‘s survivorship care plan framework. Results 156 PCPscompleted the survey. For 35 topics (78%), at least half of respondents felt the topic was very important. Most PCPs reported receiving too little information about problems with chemotherapy (68%) or radiation (60%), and whether the oncologist intended to monitor for other cancers (71%). PCPs widely agreed that they do not have enough information about increased risk of second CRCs, other cancers, and other diseases (78%); long-term effects of chemotherapy (73%) and radiation (67%); and genetic counseling (83%). Conclusions PCPs endorse the IOM's survivorship care plan framework as relevant and often report needing more information. Survivorship care plans may provide important information to PCPs by communicating patients’ cancer histories and making recommendations regarding which aspects of care should be provided by the oncologist or the PCP.
Contemporary software systems are becoming increasingly large, heterogeneous, and decentralised. They operate in dynamic environments and their architectures exhibit complex trade-offs across dimensions of goals, time, and interaction, which emerges internally from the systems and externally from their environment. This gives rise to the vision of self-aware architecture, where design decisions and execution strategies for these concerns are dynamically analysed and seamlessly managed at run-time. Drawing on the concept of self-awareness from psychology, this paper extends the foundation of software architecture styles for self-adaptive systems to arrive at a new principled approach for architecting self-aware systems. We demonstrate the added value and applicability of the approach in the context of service provisioning to cloud-reliant service-based applications.
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