WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Sibship size has been negatively associated with children' s language, cognitive, and academic outcomes. This phenomenon is often explained in terms of resource dilution, wherein more children in the home is associated with fewer parental resources allocated to each child. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:The current study identifies a moderator of this relationship. Specifically, if children' s next-inage older siblings exhibit high levels of cognitive sensitivity then sibship size is not significantly related to children' s vocabulary. abstract OBJECTIVES:The aim of the current study was to examine the relationship between sibship size and children' s vocabulary as a function of quality of sibling interactions. It was hypothesized that coming from a larger sibship (ie, 3+ children) would be related to lower receptive vocabulary in children. However, we expected this association to be moderated by the level of cognitive sensitivity shown by children' s next-in-age older siblings.METHODS: Data on 385 children (mean age = 3.15 years) and their nextin-age older siblings (mean age = 5.57 years) were collected and included demographic questionnaires, direct testing of children' s receptive vocabulary, and videos of mother-child and sibling interactions. Sibling dyads were taped engaging in a cooperative building task and tapes were coded for the amount of cognitive sensitivity the older sibling exhibited toward the younger sibling.RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted and showed an interaction between sibship size and sibling cognitive sensitivity in the prediction of children' s receptive vocabulary; children exposed to large sibships whose next-in-age older sibling exhibited higher levels of cognitive sensitivity were less likely to show low vocabulary skills when compared with those children exposed to large sibships whose siblings showed lower levels of cognitive sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS:Children who show sensitivity to the cognitive needs of their younger siblings provide a rich environment for language development. The negative impact of large sibships on language development is moderated by the presence of an older sibling who shows high cognitive sensitivity. Pediatrics 2014;133:e394-e401 AUTHORS:

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In the current study, a curvilinear association was examined between differential parenting and children's social understanding as measured using standardized assessments and behavioral observations. Social understanding was comprised of theory-of-mind and behavior indicating understanding of others' minds (i.e., cognitive sensitivity and internal state talk and reasoning during sibling interactions). Data came from a community sample of 372 children (51.6% males; M age 5 5.57, SD 5 0.77), their younger siblings (M age 5 3.14, SD 5 0.27), and their mothers who were observed in their homes. We hypothesized that in families with higher levels of differential parenting, both favored and disfavored older siblings would display poorer social understanding, but that disfavored children would be more negatively impacted. Results from a hierarchical regression analysis indicated an inverse linear effect, rather than a curvilinear relationship, between being favored by mother and siblings' social understanding. Specifically, disfavored older children showed higher levels of social understanding when interacting with their favored younger sibling. This relationship remained significant after controlling for variables such as age, SES, and language. Findings suggest that differential parenting plays a role in children's ability to understand others. K E Y W O R D Sparent-child relations, social cognition, theory of mind

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