This article reports on four experiments on pigeon visual memory capacity. In the first experiment, pigeons learned to discriminate between 80 pairs of random shapes. Memory for 40 of those pairs was only slightly poorer following 490 days without exposure. In the second experiment, 80 pairs of photographic slides were learned; 629 days without exposure did not significantly disrupt memory. In the third experiment, 160 pairs of slides were learned; 731 days without exposure did not significantly disrupt memory. In the fourth experiment, pigeons learned to respond appropriately to 40 pairs of slides in the normal orientation and to respond in the opposite way when the slides were left-right reversed. After an interval of 751 ; days, there was a transient disruption in discrimination. These experiments demonstrate that pigeons have a heretofore unsuspected capacity with regard to both breadth and stability of memory for abstract stimuli and pictures.
The ITS architecture separates applications into four layers. The action layer implements back-end application functions. The dialog layer defines the content of the user interface, independent of its style. Content specifies the objects included in each frame of the interface, the flow of control among frames, and what actions are associated with each object. The style rule layer defines the presentation and behavior of a family of interaction techniques. Finally, the style program layer implements primitive toolkit objects that are composed by the rule layer into complete interaction techniques. This paper describes the architecture in detail, compares it with previous User Interface Management Systems and toolkits, and describes how ITS is being used to implement the visitor information system for EXPO '92.
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