Objective: Mediterranean diet has been shown to be associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease. However, its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains inconclusive as the results were not consistent among population-based studies. This study aims to assess the association between Mediterranean diet adherence and CKD prevention. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies describing the risk for CKD in community-dwelling subjects ≥18 years of age. Mediterranean diet adherence was assessed by standardized food frequency questionnaires. The search was conducted through MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library. Results: Of 168 citations, a total of nine (n = 19 151) and four studies (n = 8467) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. Only studies adopting Mediterranean Diet Scale (MDS) were included in the analysis. The mean score was 3.8 ± 0.3 points. With the mean follow-up duration of 20.6 ± 7.0 years, the pooled odds ratio (OR) for CKD was 0.901 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.868-0.935) for each 1-point increment of MDS. The incidence of CKD was 0.026 events per person-year (95% CI 0.008-0.045). Moreover, male sex was associated with the incidence of CKD in an adjusted meta-regression analysis. In contrast, there was no significant association between age, black race, smoking, diabetes, hypertension estimated glomerular filtration rate and total daily energy intake vs CKD incidence. Conclusion: Adherence to Mediterranean diet by a 1-point increment of MDS was associated with 10% lower risk of CKD. However, there were insufficient data on patients with pre-existing CKD or dialysis.

Background: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a major risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). We investigated biliary and fecal microbiota to determine whether specific microbes in the bile or stool are associated with PSC or CCA. Methods: Bile was obtained from 32 patients with PSC, 23 with CCA with PSC, 26 with CCA without PSC, and 17 controls. Over 90% of bile samples were from patients with perihilar CCA. Stool was obtained from 31 patients with PSC (11 were matched to bile), 16 with CCA with PSC (10 matched to bile), and 11 with CCA without PSC (6 matched to bile). Microbiota composition was assessed using 16SrRNA-marker-based sequencing and was compared between groups. Results: Bile has a unique microbiota distinguished from negative DNA controls and stool. Increased species richness and abundance of Fusobacteria correlated with duration of PSC and characterized the biliary microbiota in CCA. Stool microbiota composition showed no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: We identified a unique microbial signature in the bile of patients with increased duration of PSC or with CCA, suggesting a role for microbiota-driven inflammation in the pathogenesis and or progression to perihilar CCA. Further studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

ObjectivesTo determine if obesity and diabetes are risk factors for severe outcomes in COVID-19 and to compare patient outcomes in those two conditions.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUrban tertiary care center in New York City.Participants302 patients admitted in an inpatient setting, ≥18 years old, with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 via nasal PCR swab were randomly selected. Patients were separated into two cohorts based on their body mass index and hemoglobin A1c. 150 patients were placed in the non-obese, non-diabetic cohort and 152 patients were placed in the corresponding cohort (obesity alone, obesity and diabetes, and diabetes alone).MeasurementsPrimary outcomes were development of acute kidney injury, commencement of renal replacement therapy, aminotransferase elevation, troponin elevation, lactic acidosis, development of septic shock, use of vasopressors, presence of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and intubation. The secondary outcomes were length of stay in days and mortality.ResultsPatients with obesity and/or diabetes were more likely to develop ARDS (79 patients vs 57 patients, p<0.0001) and to be intubated (71 patients vs 45 patients, p=0.0031). Patients with obesity and/or diabetes were more likely to require vasopressors (60 patients vs 41 patients, p=0.0284) and to develop lactic acidosis (median 3.15 mmol/L, IQR 1.8 to 5.2 mmol/L, p=0.0432). When comparing patients with diabetes with and without obesity against patients with obesity alone, they were more likely to develop ARDS (87.5%, p=0.0305). Despite these findings, there was no difference in mortality.ConclusionsIn patients hospitalised with COVID-19, those with obesity and/or diabetes were more likely to suffer severe complications, but had negligible differences in mortality. This highlights the importance of close monitoring of patients with these conditions and additional areas of research needed to explain the mortality findings.

There is a high prevalence of blood-borne infections in West Africa. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of blood-borne infections, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV, and syphilis, in blood donors in Burkina Faso. Blood donors were recruited from 2009 to 2013 in four major cities in Burkina Faso of urban area (Ouagadougou) and rural area (Bobo Dioulasso, Fada N’Gourma, and Ouahigouya). Serology tests including Hepatitis B surface antigen, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, and rapid plasma reagin test were used for screening and were confirmed with ELISA. Disease prevalence was calculated among first-time donors. Incidence and residual risk were calculated from repeat donors. There were 166,681 donors; 43,084 had ≥ 2 donations. The overall seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis were 13.4%, 6.9%, 2.1%, and 2.4%, respectively. The incidence rates (IRs) of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis infection were 2,786, 2,707, 1,113, and 1,574 per 100,000 person-years. There was lower seroprevalence of HBV and HCV in urban area than in rural area (12.9% versus 14.0%, P < 0.001; and 5.9% versus 8.0%, P < 0.001), and no difference in HIV (2.1% versus 2.1%, P = 0.25). The IRs of new HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis were 2.43, 3.06, 1.12, and 1.29 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. The residual risk was one per 268 donations for HBV, one per 181 donations for HCV, and one per 1,480 donations for HIV, respectively. In conclusion, this comprehensive study from four blood donation sites in Burkina Faso showed high HBV and HCV seroprevalence and incidence with high residual risk from blood donation.

Patient: Female, 74-year-old Final Diagnosis: Mucormycosis Symptoms: Altered mental status Medication:— Clinical Procedure: Central venous catheterization • debridement Specialty: Infectious Diseases • General and Internal Medicine • Otolaryngology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Invasive mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening infection that requires urgent medical management. Here we describe a patient who developed invasive mucormycosis after receiving only a short course of dexamethasone. The purpose is to highlight this atypical presentation of a rare disease. Case Report: A 74-year-old woman with a medical history of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and small cell lung cancer with metastasis to the brain presented to the Emergency Department with altered mental status and a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state. Three weeks before, she had been diagnosed with DM (hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c] 6.5%) and was started on dexamethasone to treat cerebral edema. On admission, her HbA1c was 10.8%, although she had received only a short course of dexamethasone. Her physical exam was concerning for left eyelid swelling and ophthalmoplegia. Computed tomography of the head and neck revealed signs of left ocular proptosis and invasive rhinomaxillary fungal disease. The patient underwent urgent surgical debridement; subsequent magnetic resonance imaging revealed extensive fungal disease extending into her left inferior frontal lobe. A surgical pathology report was positive for Rhizopus oryzae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia . Her blood cultures were positive for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus . She was treated with antibiotics and amphotericin B. Her clinical course was complicated by hypokalemia. She eventually recovered and was discharged from the hospital. Conclusions: This case highlights an atypical presentation of mucormycosis. Clinicians should remain vigilant for this rare complication of dexamethasone use even when the therapy is given for a short time.

We present the first-ever reported case of massive epistaxis following nasopharyngeal (NP) swabbing requiring intubation and tracheostomy. A 67-year-old male with a mechanical aortic valve on warfarin presented from a nursing home to the emergency department with hypoxia. NP swab for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was obtained, immediately followed by significant epistaxis. Patient desaturated to low 80s requiring intubation for airway protection and hypoxemic respiratory failure. Anterior nasal packing was performed. The COVID-19 test resulted negative. Extubation was unsuccessful on days four and nine. The patient subsequently underwent tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement. The patient was transferred to sub-acute rehabilitation with a tracheostomy tube on minimal ventilator support. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended obtaining an NP swab in COVID-19 suspects to test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR).A study found that NP swabbing was associated with epistaxis in approximately 5-10% of the cases. Nursing home populations are at higher risk for COVID-19 and also reported to have increased use of oral anticoagulation for chronic atrial fibrillation with other co-morbidities (high CHADVASc score) which may increase bleeding risk with NP swabbing. Less invasive methods such as salivary and mid-turbinate sampling, nasal swab or saliva can be a better alternative sample for detecting SARS-CoV-2 as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and suggested by FDA. Positive PCR testing beyond nine days of illness is likely due to persistent dead virus particles and thus repeat testing is not suggested. Obtaining a history of bleeding diathesis, use of oral anticoagulants and consideration of NP anatomy is advised before swabbing. This case report raises the concern against inadvertent NP swabbing in cases with a low pretest probability of COVID-19 infection with higher bleeding risk.

Abrupt baclofen withdrawal may be life-threatening with varied neuropsychiatric manifestations. We present a case of baclofen withdrawal necessitating intubation. A 58-year-old female with a history of undiagnosed muscle spasticity presented with worsening extremities tremors, paresthesia, and weakness for 2 days. Initial vitals included temperature 103 F, tachycardia, hypertension, and tachypnea. Examination revealed coarse tremors of all extremities. Inflammatory markers, blood, and urine culture were negative. Head and spine imaging were non-diagnostic. Meningitis and seizure were ruled out. She continued worsening with hallucinations, hyperpyrexia, ocular clonus, and profound muscle rigidity. The patient was intubated for respiratory distress and transferred to intensive care unit (ICU). Further history revealed running out of oral baclofen 3 days ago. Baclofen was restarted with symptomatic improvement. The patient was extubated after 2 days and discharged to a rehabilitation facility. Oral or intrathecal baclofen is thought to inhibit spinal nerves reducing muscle spasm and pain. Abrupt stoppage causes activation of dopamine and noradrenergic receptors causing muscle spasms, tremors, hyperpyrexia, delusions, hallucination, and delirium. Severe cases can mimic meningoencephalitis, seizure disorder, or neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Symptoms usually develop in 1 to 3 days of cessation and can be life-threatening if unrecognized timely. Treatment includes supportive therapy, re-administration of baclofen, or use of benzodiazepines, propofol, dexmedetomidine; however, no specific guidelines have been established. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first case of oral baclofen withdrawal requiring intubation. We found only 3 reported cases of intrathecal baclofen withdrawal necessitating intubation.

Factitious disorder is a psychiatric disorder in which sufferers intentionally fabricate physical or psychological symptoms in order to assume the role of the patient, without any obvious gain. We present a case of a 23-year-old female with chronic urticaria who presented with dyspnea, dysphasia, mild generalized erythema, abdominal cramps, and headache. She was tachypneic and hypotensive. This was her third admission with similar symptoms within the last 7 months. Tryptase, complement, anti-SM/RNP, Sjogren, Scl-70, C3, and C4 were negative. Computed tomography–guided bone marrow biopsy showed no mast cells. Flow cytometry did not show any immunophenotypic reaction. Other possible differentials including pregnancy, autoimmune disorders, and infections including hepatitis, thyroid disorder, and age-related malignancies were ruled out. After a thorough review, malingering disorder was ruled out, but we noticed the patient’s intent of assuming a sick role. Later, the patient was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Factitious anaphylaxis can present with multiple presentations including a life-threatening condition that mimics true anaphylaxis. A better approach would be thorough clinical evaluation and early multidisciplinary involvement. This case highlights the importance of further evidence-based studies in factitious disorder to decrease the disease burden and reduce the health care cost.