BACKGROUND: As a low-cost alternative to the traditional ionic liquids (ILs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have currently attracted increasing attention for their various applications including biocatalysis. This study aimed at analyzing the effect of DESs on 1, 2-dehydrogeneration of cortisone acetate(CA) to prednisone acetate (PA) by Arthrobacter simplex.RESULTS: Of the three DESs examined, ChCl:U was successfully employed as co-solvent to improve the bioconversion efficiency. For substrate feeding concentration of 5 g L −1 , substrate conversion reached 93% by immobilized A. simplex cells (4 g DW L −1 ) with ChCl:U content of 6%, which is more efficient than conversions without DESs. Importantly, it has been shown that DESs and the immobilized cells can be easily recovered and then reused for five batches of bioconversion with a final conversion above 80%. CONCLUSION:Our results show the potential use of DESs-based systems in industrial steroid biodehydrogenation by A. simplex, and provide an environmentally benign means of steroid biotransformation.

Object: To report the outcome of patients with selective denervation and resection of cervical muscles for spasmodic torticollis. Methods: We reviewed 362 cases of surgically treated spasmodic torticollis. 207 patients were followed from 2 years to 29 years. Results: Total or marked relief of symptoms with preservation of normal of nearly normal movements has been obtained in 87.9%. Conclusion: This procedure may be recommended if one to two years of conservative therapy does not offer satisfactory relief of symptoms.

BACKGROUND The discovery of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has introduced a new class of promising green solvents to overcome many drawbacks associated with organic solvents. In this study, the synergistic effects of the components in the form of DESs on bacterial viability, membrane integrity, and retention of metabolic activity as well as the efficiency of Δ1,2‐dehydrogeneration of cortisone acetate (CA) using whole cells of Arthrobacter simplex were investigated. RESULTS The agar disc diffusion method, viability assays and the retention of sugar metabolic activity were used to investigate their toxicity to A. simplex. The results indicated that colinium salts were more toxic than the corresponding hydrogen bond donor (HBDs), but their deleterious effect could be weakened by incorporating them into DESs. Moreover, the best catalytic performance was found in the ChCl:U(DES)‐containing system when Δ1,2‐dehydrogeneration using A. simplex was carried out in three different systems followed by the addition of DES, their components and their mixtures, respectively. In addition, metabolites with significantly changed concentration were identified by means of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and principal component analysis, which revealed five compounds that may be used as potential indicators to discriminate the effects of different concentrations of DESs on A. simplex. CONCLUSION The cholinium salts used in this study were toxic to A. simplex to some extent, while synergistic effects were observed after DES formation. The efficient biotransformation in DESs especially in the ChCl:U(DES)‐containing system potentially offers a promising strategy for the production of many different steroids. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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