This review summarizes the role of immune system in Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting. It then focused mainly on role of macrophages, regulatory T cells (Treg), TH17 cells and on the immunosuppressive mechanisms, which facilitate immune evasion of tumor cells. Our results shows that, immune cells, such as CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), CD4+ T helper (TH)1 cells and NK cells along with their characteristic cytokine interferon (IFN)-γ, function as major antitumor effector cells. Whereas CD4+TH2 cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and their derived cytokines function as dominant tumor-promoting forces. In contrast to these cells, macrophages, Treg, and TH17 cells show a dual effect in cancer. Thus, it appears that most components of the immune system are potentially endowed with dual functions i.e., promoting tumor development on the one hand and restraining tumor development on the other and hence immune system can be considered as a double-edged sword in cancer.
Pioglitazone is an oral anti-hyperglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It selectively stimulates nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). It was the tenth-best-selling drug in the U.S. in 2008. This article examines published analytical methods reported so far in the literature for the determination of pioglitazone in biological samples and pharmaceutical formulations. They include various techniques like electrochemical methods, spectrophotometry, capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance thin layer chromatography.
DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins) have shown a better glycaemic control even in more feeble cases such as elderly people, patients with high cardiovascular and hypoglycaemic risk and individuals with renal impairment. However, the plasma concentrations of selected drugs has to be estimated to correlate those results with various uncertainties during clinical studies. A simple and sensitive LC-QTOF/MS method was developed and validated to measure the human plasma concentrations of vildagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin, linagliptin and teneligliptin, using pioglitazone as internal standard.Chromatographic separation of five gliptins was achieved on a Zorbax Eclipse Plus C-18 column Rapid Resolution HD (50 x 2.1 mm, 1.8 µ) using mobile phase consisting of 20 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile in gradient mode. Detection was performed with positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using target ions in selective ion mode. Simpler protein precipitation was employed for sample extraction from human plasma. Low recovery of gliptins observed due to non-specific binding to glass was surpassed by using polypropylene. The mean recovery was found to be 96.82 ± 1.03 % (VIL), 94.32 ± 0.74 % (SAX), 95.37 ± 2.09 % (SIT), 91.67 ± 3.14 % (LIN) and93.29 ± 1.03 % (TEN) respectively. The proposed method will serve as an excellent tool for various clinical studies like therapeutic drug monitoring, pharmacokinetics, toxicological and protein binding studies.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.