Abstract.Earlier studies in platelet aggregation have shown that females seemed to have greater aggregability than males as detected by conventional aggregometry which used light transmission (LT), but controversy still remains. This study was performed to determine whether sex difference exists in platelet aggregation by using the recently developed laser light scattering (LS) method, which can detect small aggregates (i.e., two or three platelets). Blood was drawn from healthy volunteers (10 male and 10 female in follicular phase after menstruation), and platelet aggregation was detected by either LT or LS method in platelet rich plasma.Platelet aggregation was stimulated by increasing concentration of adenosine 5 diphosphate (ADP, 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 pM). To detect the effect of sex hormones, platelets were incubated with estradiol (10 nM) or testosterone (40 nM) for 30 min, then platelet aggregation studies were performed.LT method revealed that female had greater aggregability than male. With weak stimuli (<_ 1,iM ADP), LS method showed that females had more medium aggregates than males, and that testosterone decreased small aggregates, and that estradiol decreased all sizes of aggregates. These data suggest that the female is more conductive to platelet aggregation than the male at a physiologic concentration of ADP (<-1 reM), but that both estradiol (10 nM) and testosterone (40 nM) have countereffects on platelet aggregation at the same condition. Therefore, the reason why females have greater aggregability than males may partly be explained by their lack of testosterone, but the mechanism still remains to be elucidated. has life-threatening bleeding during perinatal period. Some studies, however, have pointed out that the results in aggregometry between female and male are controversial [3,4]. The recently developed light scattering (LS) method has greater sensitivity than conventional LT method [5], since the LT method cannot detect small aggregates with less than 100 platelets, whereas the LS method can detect aggregates as small as two or three platelets [b, 7] . We applied this new method to exploring the sex differences in platelet aggregation. Sex hormones are the major difference between female and male, and the effect of estrogen on coagulation is sometimes discussed, but controversy still remains. High estrogen level is associated with
Abstract. Stress interferes with reproduction, adversely influencing implantation and fetal growth, and sometimes even leading to abortion. Here, we attempted to evaluate the early gestational effects of uncomfortable sound on pregnant mice and their offspring. Ten-week-old pregnant Jcl:ICR mice were exposed to sound (100 dB, random frequency between 9-34 kHz) for 8 hours on the 3 rd , 5 th and 7 th gestational days (GD). The effects of general anesthesia were also investigated, with or without acoustic stress. All groups were examined on the 18 th GD for fetal growth. Fetal weight, number of ossified sacrococcygeal vertebrae and placental weight were all significantly reduced (P<0.0001) when stress was induced on the 7 th GD, but not on the 3 rd or 5 th GD. This intra-uterine growth retardation (IUGR) was significantly inhibited by general anesthesia (P<0.0001), although general anesthesia alone induced significant IUGR (P<0.0001) when compared with control mice. This suggests that acoustic exposure indirectly exerts an effect on fetal growth, possibly via a psycho-maternal pathway. We also found that analysis of the number of ossified sacrococcygeal vertebrae is the most sensitive tool for the study of IUGR.
Background: The determination of the fetal condition during labour is important to minimize fetal mortality, morbidity and neurological sequelae of fetal hypoxia. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG) in detecting fetal outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the department of obstetrics and gynecology in the centre for women and child health (CWCH), Ashulia, Dhaka from November 2020 to August 2022. The study was carried out with a total of 63 pregnant women (n=63) who had delivered their child either by lower uterine caesarian section (LUCS) or normal vaginal delivery (NVD) during the study period. Result: Among the participants, almost half participants (47.6%) were aged between 25-29 years. Intrapartum CTG was reactive in around half (54%) of the participants, while non-reactive in 46% of the participants. During the study period, intrapartum CTG was reactive in 34 patients. Of them, only 19 patients had an NVD, while 15 patients despite normal intrapartum CTG also underwent LUCS due to various reasons such as having meconium-stained liquor or slightly stained liquor, non-progressing labour or prolonged labour, premature rupture of the membrane (PROM), fear of NVD etc. During the study period, all twenty-nine patients having intrapartum non-reactive CTG underwent LUCS. During the study period, intrapartum CTG was non-reactive in 29 cases. However, after delivery, the baby’s APGAR score was ≥7 for the 20 neonates of those 29 non-reactive CTG cases. On the other hand, intrapartum CTG was reactive in 34 of the participants. Among them, 3 neonates were delivered through NVD. However, meconium-stained liquor was found and the baby’s APGAR score was <7, which required NICU admission. In total, thirteen neonates (13, 20.6%) had required admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Conclusions: CTG is one of the reliable methods of monitoring the fetus. Non-reactive CTG record with a high probability indicates the likelihood of the presence of perinatal asphyxia. Instant and adequate decisions regarding obstetric intervention and optimal procedures should be taken if fetal distress is suspected.
Introduction: Over half a million women die each year from pregnancy-related causes, 99% in low and middle-income countries. In many low-income countries, complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death amongst women of reproductive years. Overall, 10% to 15% of direct maternal deaths are associated with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia, where maternal mortality is high; most deaths are attributable to eclampsia, rather than pre- eclampsia. This study aimed to analyze the obstetric outcomes of pregnant women with eclampsia. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology in Uttara Adhunik Medical College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh for 6 months; from June 2019- November 2019. A total of 50 subjects were included in this study. Informed written consent was taken from the study subjects. Data was collected using a pre-formed data sheet. Data processing and analysis were done by using SPSS version 17. All patients underwent necessary investigations. All information was kept confidential and used only for this study purpose. The ethical Clearance Certificate was obtained from Bangladesh Medical College. Result: In this study, most of the patients (30, 60.0%) belong to the age group of 18- 25 years, followed by 12 patients (24.0%) were from the>35 years age group and the rest 08 (16.0%) patients belonged to 26-35 years, age group. Most of the patients (35, 70.0%) were nulliparous followed by multiparous (15, 30.0%). Maximum respondents (26, 52.0%) developed seizures at the antepartum stage, followed by 18 patients (36.0%) at the intrapartum stage and the rest 03 (6.0%) patients developed seizures at the postpartum stage. Concerning complications, maximum patients (08, 16.0%) suffered from hemorrhage, followed by anemia (7, 14.0%), abruptio placenta (6, 12.0%), sepsis (5, 10.0%), obstructed labor (4, 8.0%). Regarding maternal and fetal outcomes in eclampsia, this study revealed satisfactory outcomes in 37 (74.0%) patients with prompt actions taken during the condition. However, perinatal death occurred in 2 (4.0%) cases, and maternal death occurred in 1 (2.0%) case. Preterm delivery was done on 10 (20.0%) patients. Conclusion: Obstetric outcome was somewhat satisfactory in this study due to immediate diagnosis and actions taken during eclampsia, however, perinatal death occurred in 2 (4.0%) cases and maternal death occurred in 1 (2.0%) case and 10 (20.0%) cases underwent preterm delivery.
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