Neonatal growth characteristics and morbidity but not mortality are influenced by maternal ethnicity. Of concern is the risk of low Apgar scores in PAM infants and non-tertiary births of indigenous infants. Review of perinatal care for certain vulnerable ethnic populations is recommended due to the rapidly changing ethnic compositions of many countries around the world.

Catalytic combustion has become a promising technology to address the accelerating volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions. In this work, cobalt modified ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts (3−18 wt % Co) were prepared to investigate the combustion of n-butane (one typical model component of VOCs). The performances of catalysts were evaluated by conducting experiments in a flow tube reactor. XRD, BET, FT-IR, and XPS were also utilized to characterize their physicochemical properties. A significant enhancement of the catalytic activity was demonstrated in terms of the cobalt supported over ZSM-5, with an optimal cobalt loading of 7 wt %. The excellent catalytic activity of 7 wt % Co-ZSM-5 is mainly attributed to a higher concentration of active surface Co 3+ species. Furthermore, DFT calculations indicated that the role of Co can enhance the activity by decreasing the activation barriers for C−H bond cleavage. In addition, the primary reaction mechanism of n-butane combustion on Co-ZSM-5 was also revealed.

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Electron transfer plays an important role in determining the energy conversion efficiency of energy devices. Nitrogen-coordinated single metal sites (M-N 4 ) materials as electrocatalysts have exhibited great potential in devices. However, there are still great difficulties in how to directionally manipulate electron transfer in M-N 4 catalysts for higher efficiency. Herein, we demonstrated the mechanism of electron transfer being affected by energy level structure based on classical iron phthalocyanine (FePc) molecule/carbon models and proposed an energy level engineering strategy to manipulate electron transfer, preparing high-performance ORR catalysts. Engineering molecular energy level via modulating FePc molecular structure with nitro induces a strong interfacial electronic coupling and efficient charge transfer from carbon to FePc-β-NO 2 molecule. Consequently, the assembled zinc-air battery exhibits ultrahigh performance which is superior to most of M-N 4 catalysts. Energy level engineering provides a universal approach for directionally manipulating electron transfer, bringing a new concept to design efficient and stable M-N 4 electrocatalyst.