Examination of the demographic and offense-related characteristics of 1,636 gang members admitted to Canadian federal penitentiaries between January 1, 2006 and August 31, 2009 revealed that there is considerable variation between these groups. Members of Aboriginal, Asian and Street Gangs tended to be admitted at much younger ages than members of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (OMG), or members of Traditional Organized Crime (TOC) gangs. Moreover, these younger offenders were more likely to be admitted to prison with a conviction for a violent offense, have higher levels of risk and need, were placed in higher security facilities, and engaged in higher levels of institutional misconduct once imprisoned. Members of TOC gangs, however, had levels of misconduct that were one-third the rate of non-gang offenders admitted during the same era. This study shows that not all gangs pose equal risks to correctional systems, and that gang management or suppression strategies should take their characteristics into account.Despite the fact that correctional systems have invested significant amounts of time and resources in the monitoring, control, and suppression of jail and prison gangs over the past two decades, these security threat groups (STG) remain the bane of correctional staff and administrators. 1 The extant literature has consistently shown Am J Crim Just (2011) 36:265-279
Evidence suggests that university student psychological health problems may be increasing, and graduate students may be at increased risk for problems such as depression relative to the general population. The limited extant research has identified a correlation between relational mentoring characterized by mutual authenticity, engagement, and empowerment, and female undergraduate student psychological health.The current research fills gaps in the mentoring and feminist psychological literatures by examining this correlation in faculty-graduate student mentoring and testing key assumptions of relational-cultural theory, from which the concept of relational mentoring is derived. Relational-cultural theory assumes: 1) relational mentoring is more important to the psychological health of women than men, and 2) women are more likely than men to adopt a relationship style that would foster relational mentoring. This research was also informed by feminist critiques of these assumptions. Consequently, using a survey of 421 graduate students from various disciplines across Canada, Study 1 examined the association between faculty-graduate student relational mentoring and psychological health outcomes. Study 1 further tested the moderating effects of student sex, gender identity (i.e., masculine, feminine traits), and the power dynamics of the individual faculty-student relationships. A significant correlation was observed between relational mentoring and positive psychological health (i.e., decreased depressive symptoms, increased self-esteem and life satisfaction). This association was not moderated by student sex, gender identity, or relationship power dynamics. Using an online, experimental design and a sample of 186 undergraduate students, Study 2 examined the effects of sex, gender identity, and a randomly assigned power condition (i.e., high-power RELATIONAL MENTORING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH iii faculty mentor versus low-power student) on relationship styles in mentoring. Sex and gender identity influenced mentoring relationship styles (i.e., female participants and those with more feminine traits were associated with greater authenticity, engagement, and empowerment), and a notable interaction emerged. Specifically, sex differences in relationship style were observed in the high-power faculty mentor condition (i.e., female mentors were more authentic, engaged, empowering) but not the low-power student condition. Collectively, the results provide mixed support for relational-cultural theory.The results may be used to guide faculty-graduate student mentoring practices (e.g., student selection of mentors) to enhance graduate student psychological health. RELATIONAL MENTORING AND PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH iv Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the help and support of several individuals and organizations. First, I must thank my thesis advisor and mentor, Dr. Shelley Brown, for her support in this process. I appreciate the insight and guidance provided by members of my committee, Dr. Fran Cher...
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have consistently been associated with adult psychopathology and are commonly reported among military populations, with women more likely to report many types of ACEs than men. Limited research has examined the role of gender in the association between ACEs and mental health in military populations. The current study assessed the significance of gender differences in ACEs and mental health and explored the associations among these variables in a sample of Canadian Armed Forces recruits/officer cadets. Analyses with cross-sectional Recruit Health Questionnaire (RHQ) data from 50,603 recruits/officer cadets indicated that women were more likely to report witnessing domestic violence, experiencing sexual abuse, and living with someone with mental health problems or alcohol misuse, odds ratios (ORs) = 1.22-4.35, ps < .001. Women were more likely to screen positive for depression, adjusted (aORs) = 1.25-1.49, p < .001-p = .002, and anxiety, aORs = 2.00-2.33, ps < .001, before basic military training. ACEs were associated with screening positive for probable mental health conditions, aORs = 1.54-6.13, p < .001-p = .017. A significant interaction suggested the association between childhood sexual abuse and depression was stronger for men, aOR = 2.49, p < .001, than women, aOR = 1.63, p = .002, as was the association between childhood sexual abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder, men: aOR = 6.06, p < .001, women: aOR = 3.36, p < .001. These results underscore the importance of considering gender and childhood trauma in mental health interventions with military personnel.It is widely recognized that military personnel may experience a range of stressors throughout their career, which, in turn, places them at risk of developing mental health conditions. These stressors include prolonged separation from family, multiple relocations, and high-intensity training, in addition to personal danger and acute traumatic events during deployment (Adler et al., 2004). Not surprisingly, significant efforts have focused on understanding the prevalence of and risk factors for mental health condi-
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