Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is believed to have emerged in Wuhan, China in late December 2019 and began rapidly spreading around the globe throughout the spring months of 2020. As COVID-19 proliferated across the United States, Asian Americans reported a surge in racially motivated hate crimes involving physical violence and harassment. Throughout history, pandemic-related health crises have been associated with the stigmatization and "othering" of people of Asian descent. Asian Americans have experienced verbal and physical violence motivated by individuallevel racism and xenophobia from the time they arrived in America in the late 1700s up until the present day. At the institutional level, the state has often implicitly reinforced, encouraged, and perpetuated this violence through bigoted rhetoric and exclusionary policies. COVID-19 has enabled the spread of racism and created national insecurity, fear of foreigners, and general xenophobia, which may be related to the increase in anti-Asian hate crimes during the pandemic. We examine how these crimessituated in historically entrenched and intersecting individual-level and institutional-level racism and xenophobiahave operated to "other" Asian Americans and reproduce inequality.

This article explores the diminished occurrence of intimate partner homicide (IPH)—referred to as self-help homicide—perpetrated by Latinas when compared with Black and White women. Self-help homicide is a consequence of patriarchal terrorism. I endeavor to answer the following research question: What explains lower rates of self-help homicide perpetrated by Latinas relative to White and Black women? This question is addressed through a self-help/intersectional theoretical analysis of structural, institutional, and cultural barriers to criminal justice resource access. This diminished access increases the likelihood of IPH victimization.

Affirmative action (AA) addresses individuals' exclusion from opportunities based on group membership by taking into account race, sex, ethnicity, and other characteristics. This chapter reviews sociological, economic, historical, and legal scholarship on AA. We first consider the emergence of group-based remedies, how protected groups are defined, and proportional representation as a standard for inclusion. We then summarize the research on AA in education (including busing) and in employment. The concluding section reviews societal responses to AA, including attitudes, challenges, and political responses. As public and judicial support for AA has waned, employers and educators have increasingly turned toward diversity as a rationale for including underrepresented groups. Despite this change, many employers and educators continue to take positive steps to include minorities and women.

This manuscript details the process research and development of a convergent and safe approach to 1 on a multikilo scale. Specific highlights of the process development efforts will be described, including the development of a dehydrogenation method for dihydropyrimidines and a thermochemically safe synthesis of a 1,2,4-aminotriazole fragment. A key feature of the synthesis is the use and optimization of a modified Julia-Kocienski olefination reaction. Specifically, we report an unprecedented dependence of the product olefin geometry on reaction temperature, where an E:Z ratio as high as 200:1 can be obtained. Initial insights into the mechanistic rationale for this observation are also provided. Finally, a purity upgrade sequence via an intermediate crystalline form is highlighted as a method of controlling the final API quality.

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This article relies upon the recreancy theorem to empirically assess the extent to which people’s desires for technology efficacy, personal security, and social justice affect their trust in and support for government use of network surveillance as it is applied to local law enforcement and homeland security. The recreancy theorem complements technology adoption models in that it focuses upon public assessments of innovations as they are managed by societal institutions, thereby providing conceptual congruity between technology adoption and public assessments of institutional competency and integrity. Based upon the results of a social survey of 1488 adults living in the contiguous United States, the article expands our conceptual understanding of public opinions of network surveillance and empirically documents public demand for network surveillance that fosters goals of social justice more so than goals of self-interest.

Women in the United States are more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than anyone else, and prior, severe domestic violence (DV) is typically involved in such intimate partner homicides (IPH). Black women experience disproportionately high rates of DV and IPHs, severe injury, and abuse with weapons. Distinct patterns of escalating DV are associated with impending risk of re-victimization and lethal violence. One of the most common predictors associated with formal DV help-seeking is severity of physical violence. The current study uses semi-structured interviews with 11 severe abuse survivors to answer the following research questions: (1) How do women experiencing severe abuse make sense of DV resources across the course of their abusive relationships? (2) How do women experiencing severe abuse make sense of services when fear of death/homicide risk is present? Approximately 91% of the sample is comprised of women of color (WOC) survivors. Results demonstrate that WOC survivors navigated complex journeys toward formal DV help-seeking that involved resisting help-seeking when the abuse still felt manageable; delaying help-seeking to protect themselves from escalating violence; and hastening help-seeking when breaking points were reached and the risk of death felt tangible. DV resources took on a different meaning in participants’ lives as abuse became more severe across the abuse lifecourse, and in relation to life circumstances and patterns of abuse, and personal perceptions of homicide risk. WOC participants also often experienced multiple structural barriers to formal help-seeking and waited until the violence was severe and/or life-threatening to make first contact, which highlights the necessity of immediate risk assessment with responsive service offerings that address the link between DV and poverty, as well as regular follow-up and ongoing support.

This study examines the relationship between structural characteristics and homicide trajectories in South Korean neighborhoods utilizing the systemic model of social disorganization theory as an analytical lens. Group-based trajectory modeling of Korean homicide data across 229 municipal-level sub-national regions between 2008 and 2013 yielded three groups: high-decrease, moderate, and low-stable. The odds of belonging to the high and moderate groups compared to the low-stable group were significantly increased for communities with a higher-level divorce rate and residential instability rate. Social control was significant in the high-decrease group compared to the low-stable group, but had no mediating effect on this relationship.