A simple and nondestructive method for the analysis of soluble solid content in citrus was established using portable visible to near‐infrared spectroscopy (Vis/NIRS) in reflectance mode in combination with appropriate chemometric methods. The spectra were obtained directly by the portable Vis/NIRS without destroying samples. Outlier detection was performed by using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (LOOCV) with the 3σ criterion, and the calibration models were established by partial least squares (PLS) algorithm. Besides, different data pretreatment methods were used to eliminate noise and background interference before calibration, to determine the one that will lead to better model accuracy. However, the correlation coefficients are all <0.62 and the results of all pretreatments are still unsatisfactory. Variable selection methods were discussed for improving the accuracy, and variable adaptive boosting partial least squares (VABPLS) method was used to get higher robustness models. The results show that standard normal variate (SNV) transformation is the best pretreatment method, while VABPLS can significantly simplify the calculation and improve the result even without pretreatment. The correlation coefficient of the best prediction models is 0.82, while the value is 0.48 for the raw data. The high performance shows the feasibility of portable Vis/NIRS technology combination with appropriate chemometric methods for the determination of citrus soluble solid content.

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), has been used in China for hundreds of years as a functional food and medicine. However, some short-age CRPs are disguised as long-age CRPs by unscrupulous businessmen in order to obtain higher profits. In this paper, a rapid and nondestructive method for the classification of different-age CRPs was established using portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in diffuse reflectance mode combination with appropriate chemometric methods. The spectra of outer skin and inner capsule of CRPs at different storage ages were obtained directly without destroying the samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) with single and combined spectral pretreatment methods was used for the classification of different-age CRPs. Furthermore, the data were pretreated with the PCA method, and Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FLD) with optimized pretreatment methods was discussed for improving the accuracy of classification. Data pretreatment methods can be used to eliminate the noise and background interference. The classification accuracy of inner capsule is better than that of outer skin data. Furthermore, the best results with 100% prediction accuracy can be obtained with FLD method, even without pretreatment.

Poria cocos is the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf, and has been used for several thousand years as a kind of food and medicine function (Tian et al., 2019). The most commonly consumed product of Poria cocos is Poria cocos powder. The main active ingredients of Poria cocos include pachyman, poriatin, triterpenoids, etc.It is also rich in amino acids, choline, and potassium salt. Modern

Presently, particularly in China, the market for art education is still in the growth stage of industrial development. Nevertheless, there is a huge number of art education businesses competing for a share of China’s art education industry, which is of a very modest size. Given the evolution of the economy and innovative culture, it is of the utmost necessity to comprehend both brand equity and corporate success in the present day. This study explored the relationship between brand equity and company performance under the adjustment of innovation culture using Chinese art education businesses as the baseline study. The present study examined the relationship between the five components of brand equity that are primarily comprised of brand awareness, brand association, perceived quality, brand loyalty, brand relevance, and brand equity with the moderating impact of innovation culture. A total of 300 respondents, including art education firm managers, teachers, and other key employees, participated in the survey and WarpPLS 8.0 was used to evaluate the proposed model. Subsequently, the statistical findings revealed a significant positive relationship between the brand equity components (i.e., perceived quality and brand relevance) and a firm’s performance, while a firm’s innovation culture was discovered to moderate the said relationship. The implications of these findings are further discussed.