In this study, the toxicity of thymol, the essential oil (EO) of thyme plant, cumin seeds, and caraway seeds on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was investigated and compared through a static method. The acute and short-term exposure study were conducted at a pH of 7.4 and a temperature of 15 C. In Acute toxicity test, concentrations of agents that killed 50% of rainbow trout (LC50) within 96-h for EOs of thyme, thymol, cumin, and caraway were 6.6, 2.6, 35, and 14 mg L À1 , respectively. Changes in fish behavior were restless, aimless swimming, and imbalances that were the same for all agents in acute toxicity test. In short-term study, histopathological changes consisted of hyperemia and edema in most organs. But most of the changes were observed in gill and brain of fish that included cellular hyperplasia and fusion of lamellae in the gills and necrosis and inflammation in the brain in addition to hyperemia and edema. The results showed that EOs used in this study were likely to exert their effects through competition with oxygen insolubility in the water and, for this reason, most of the changes were seen in the gills and brain that are more sensitive to the amounts of oxygen. This study concluded that the acute toxicity of these EOs is significant and the use of these substances in the aquatic industry should be cautious.
Background Resveratrol and omega-3 have been shown to prevent atherosclerosis. However, histopathological changes and their comparison have not been studied well. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of resveratrol and omega-3 in experimental atherosclerosis of mice. Methods We divided sixty 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice into six groups and followed for 10 weeks: (1) standard diet, (2) atherogenic diet, (3) atherogenic diet along with resveratrol from the start of the sixth week, (4) atherogenic diet along with omega-3 from the start of the sixth week, (5) standard diet along with resveratrol from the start of the sixth week, (6) standard diet along with omega-3 from the start of the sixth week. Results The mice fed on an atherogenic diet had a larger fat area and a thicker aortic wall thickness than mice fed on a standard diet. The use of omega-3 and resveratrol in the mice with an atherogenic diet resulted in a significantly reduced fat area (p-value = 0.003), and resveratrol had a significantly higher effect. Omega-3 or resveratrol induced a significant reduction in aortic wall thickness in mice on an atherogenic diet, and there was no significant difference between them. Among the mice with a standard diet, this study did not observe any significant changes in the fat area or the aortic wall thickness with the consumption of omega-3 or resveratrol. Conclusions Resveratrol and omega-3 had a regressive and therapeutic role in atherosclerosis, with a more significant effect in favor of resveratrol.
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