Background Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an index calculated by waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TG), which reflects lipid toxicity. This study aims to investigate the association between the LAP index and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods and results PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases were searched for eligible studies that investigated the association of the LAP index and NAFLD. Sixteen observational studies with 96,101 participants, including four cohort studies, one case‒control study and 11 cross-sectional studies with baseline data, were entered into this analysis. Fourteen studies reported a significant association between the LAP index and NAFLD, and two reported that this relation was not significant; two different meta-analyses (1- mean difference (MD) and 2- bivariate diagnostic test accuracy [DTA]) were conducted using Stata version 14. The LAP index was compared in subjects with and without NAFLD, and the difference was significant with 34.90 units (CI 95: 30.59–39.31, P < 0.001) of the LAP index. The DTA meta-analysis was conducted and showed that the LAP index pooled sensitivity and specificity for screening of NAFLD were 94% (CI95: 72%–99%, I2 = 99%, P < 0.001) and 85% (CI95: 62%–96%, I2 = 99%, P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion The LAP Index is an inexpensive, sensitive, and specific method to evaluate NAFLD and may be valuable for NAFLD screening.
Background Diabetic dyslipidemia is a complex multidimensional abnormality. However, earlier studies did not focus on the prevalence of various patterns of dyslipidemia. We categorized dyslipidemia into three groups. Single dyslipidemia (7 patterns) and mixed dyslipidemia consisted of dual (16 patterns) and triple (4 patterns) combinations of different patterns of single dyslipidemia. Methods This cross-sectional study included 2097 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) between 2014 and 2021. We measured blood lipid profile parameters and calculated the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) using log (TG/HDL-C). We analyzed dyslipidemia as a categorical variable and expressed results as numbers and percentages. We used Chi-square or Fisher exact tests to compare categorical variables. Results A total of 97.81% of patients had at least one lipid abnormality. High AIP (88.0%) was the most common pattern, followed by LDL-C ≥ 70mg/dl (80.1%), and low HDL-C (58.0%). 73.87% of patients had mixed dyslipidemia. The dual combination of high AIP and LDL-C ≥ 70mg/dl was the most common pattern of mixed dyslipidemia (71.1%). Additionally, 24.7% of patients had triple combination dyslipidemia. All dyslipidemia patterns were more common among women than men, except for high AIP. In patients with T2D and coronary artery disease (CAD) history, high AIP was the most prevalent pattern of dyslipidemia (87.5%), followed by LDL ≥ 70mg/dl (68.6%). Also, the dual combination of high AIP and LDL ≥ 70mg/dl was the most common pattern of mixed dyslipidemia in patients with T2D and CAD history (60.67%). Conclusion This study showed that single and mixed (dual and triple combination) dyslipidemia is common among patients with T2D. High AIP and LDL-C ≥ 70mg/dl were the most common patterns, either single or combined, in patients with or without CAD.
Purpose Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney disease. Up to 40% of the population with diabetes experience diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The correlation of DKD with insulin resistance (IR) indices has been shown in previous studies. In this study, the objective was to evaluate surrogate IR indices, including the Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index, Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) to find the most valuable index for the correlation between albuminuria and IR in the type 2 diabetes (T2D) population. Albuminuria is defined as urine albumin excretion of > 30 mg/day. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 2934 participants were enrolled and evaluated for urinary albumin excretion, and albuminuria was detected in 526 of the entries. The logistic regression models and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to assess the relationship of TyG index, VAI, LAP, and HOMA-IR's with albuminuria in patients with T2D. Results The TyG index had the highest association (OR 1.67) with the presence of albuminuria in patients with T2D, followed by HOMA-IR (OR 1.127), VAI (OR 1.028), and LAP (OR 1.004). These four indices remained independent after adjustment for multiple confounders. Based on the ROC curve, TyG revealed the best area under the curve (AUC) for revealing albuminuria with sufficient accuracy (AUC: 0.62) in comparison with other measured indices. The calculated TyG index cut-off point for the presence of albuminuria was 9.39. Conclusion Among the indices, TyG index had the most significant correlation with albuminuria in patients with T2D.
Background Resveratrol and omega-3 have been shown to prevent atherosclerosis. However, histopathological changes and their comparison have not been studied well. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of resveratrol and omega-3 in experimental atherosclerosis of mice. Methods We divided sixty 6-week-old male C57BL/6 mice into six groups and followed for 10 weeks: (1) standard diet, (2) atherogenic diet, (3) atherogenic diet along with resveratrol from the start of the sixth week, (4) atherogenic diet along with omega-3 from the start of the sixth week, (5) standard diet along with resveratrol from the start of the sixth week, (6) standard diet along with omega-3 from the start of the sixth week. Results The mice fed on an atherogenic diet had a larger fat area and a thicker aortic wall thickness than mice fed on a standard diet. The use of omega-3 and resveratrol in the mice with an atherogenic diet resulted in a significantly reduced fat area (p-value = 0.003), and resveratrol had a significantly higher effect. Omega-3 or resveratrol induced a significant reduction in aortic wall thickness in mice on an atherogenic diet, and there was no significant difference between them. Among the mice with a standard diet, this study did not observe any significant changes in the fat area or the aortic wall thickness with the consumption of omega-3 or resveratrol. Conclusions Resveratrol and omega-3 had a regressive and therapeutic role in atherosclerosis, with a more significant effect in favor of resveratrol.
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