The conversion of physiology to pathophysiology in hematological disorders viz: aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and leukemia in murine models was the subject of study in the present programme. Peripheral blood hemogram, spleno-somatic index, bone marrow smear study, cytochemical staining of marrow, cell release kinetics study during marrow explants culture, hematopoietic niche assessment, chromosomal aberration study, plasma membrane stability study of marrow cells, lysosomal membrane and mitochondrial membrane stability study and innate immune parameters were performed in the aplastic anemia, leukemia and MDS mouse model. In bone marrow aplasia, peripheral blood pancytopenia, marrow hypocellularity, decreased marrow cellular viability, deterioration of bone marrow hematopoiesis as well as hematopoietic microenvironment and extramedullary hematopoiesis were noticed. In addition, disruption of mitochondrial and lysosomal membrane integrity along with reduction of innate immune parameters were found in the hematopoietic suppressed condition. Surprisingly, no noticeable chromosomal aberration was found in the aplastic condition. Ineffective marrow hematopoiesis together with the disruption of hematopoietic microenvironment was observed in MDS. Also, extramedullary hematopoiesis, increased marrow cellular death, chromosomal aberration and loss of innate immunity were the common events. During leukemia, the number of functionally and structurally immature cells in the peripheral blood and bone marrow was increased together with malignant conversion of hematopoietic cells in the presence of malignancy supportive stromal microenvironment. Chromosomal aberration, decrease of cell mediated immunity with least mitochondrial apoptotic damage were also found in leukemic condition as well.
Pesticide exposure can occur directly or indirectly in an occupational setting or otherwise. The health hazards of pesticides have long been studied; however, little is known about the ocular insult of these potent chemicals. In this study, we examined the consequences of long-term pesticide exposure on the ocular tissue in animal model with special focus on the cornea. Swiss Albino mice were sacrificed to obtain the eye globes and various cytological, cytotoxic and histological evaluations, in vitro growth kinetic studies and flow cytometric analyses of select cytokeratins were performed to determine the structural and functional damage due to pesticide exposure. Our study revealed the detrimental impact of this xenobiotic insult by cataloguing the damage to each layer of the cornea wherein it was discovered that all the functional layers as well as the membranes were compromised. We hope that our investigation will pave the way for future studies in this oft overlooked area of affront caused by pesticide exposure to the ocular surface.
Wound healing is a complex, multiple-step mechanism and most lead to the development of scars, which may or may not affect the functional capability of the healed tissue. However, with the advanced healing techniques and our improved understanding of the wound-healing process, there has been some development towards limiting the scarification that develops as part of the process. This chapter will explore the major types of scar tissue as well as their development and complications arising from the same. With wound healing being a complex process, there have also been attempts towards modulating the wound environment to increase the rate of healing as well as limit the formation of scars. While there is no definitive procedure that can ascertain rapid, scar-free healing as yet, this chapter aims to explore both, the traditional and alternative techniques that are used (during or after the complete healing of the wound) to mitigate the development of scars.
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