Thus, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes mellitus, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypercholesterolemia hypertension and hyperuricemia leads to an imbalance of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation status of lipid and protein kinase that cause modulation of vascular endothelial L-arginine/nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS), to produce vascular endothelium dysfunction.

Mammalian heart is a dynamic organ that can adapt morphological changes in response to alteration in workload. Various clinical and experimental findings revealed that in response to physiological stimuli or pathological insults, the heart undergoes cardiac remodeling which can be characterized by molecular, cellular or interstitial changes and can be manifested clinically as changes in size, shape and pumping function of the heart. A Sound understanding of changes in hearts cellular and molecular components and to mediators that derive homeostatic control is necessary before a specific intervention is pursued. Summarized data of this review comprises role of various novel emerging molecular pathways involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodeling. Keywords: Cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy, protein kinase, heart failure, molecular targets, pathological insult.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- alpha) plays important role in pathophysiology of cardiovascular system and had been comprehensively studied over the last 20 years.  These studies demonstrate both Detrimental and potentially conflicting roles of TNF-α in pathophysiology of heart. Beneficial effects of TNF-α includes cardioprotective action against ischemia, myocarditis, pressure overload and preventive action against potential adverse effects including development of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and heart failure. However, TNF-α is still controversial for its beneficial or harmful effects for cardiovascular system. This review includes evaluation of possible role of TNF-α in cardiovascular system specifically in pathophysiology and morphology of cardiomyocytes. Further this article mainly emphases on the claimed role of TNF-α pathways with concerning essential cardiac cellular processes which may have unswerving adaptive effects in the heart with respect to future research directions.  Keywords: Tumor Necrosis Factor, Hypertrophy, Pathophysiology, Cytokine, Pathology, Cardiovascular System.