Thus, PEGylated SLNs (F19) of pentoxifylline have enhanced t and consequently more significantly preclude cardiac hypertrophy as compared to pentoxifylline.

Mammalian heart is a dynamic organ that can adapt morphological changes in response to alteration in workload. Various clinical and experimental findings revealed that in response to physiological stimuli or pathological insults, the heart undergoes cardiac remodeling which can be characterized by molecular, cellular or interstitial changes and can be manifested clinically as changes in size, shape and pumping function of the heart. A Sound understanding of changes in hearts cellular and molecular components and to mediators that derive homeostatic control is necessary before a specific intervention is pursued. Summarized data of this review comprises role of various novel emerging molecular pathways involvement in the pathophysiology of cardiac remodeling. Keywords: Cardiac remodeling, hypertrophy, protein kinase, heart failure, molecular targets, pathological insult.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF- alpha) plays important role in pathophysiology of cardiovascular system and had been comprehensively studied over the last 20 years.  These studies demonstrate both Detrimental and potentially conflicting roles of TNF-α in pathophysiology of heart. Beneficial effects of TNF-α includes cardioprotective action against ischemia, myocarditis, pressure overload and preventive action against potential adverse effects including development of atherosclerosis, reperfusion injury, hypertrophy, and heart failure. However, TNF-α is still controversial for its beneficial or harmful effects for cardiovascular system. This review includes evaluation of possible role of TNF-α in cardiovascular system specifically in pathophysiology and morphology of cardiomyocytes. Further this article mainly emphases on the claimed role of TNF-α pathways with concerning essential cardiac cellular processes which may have unswerving adaptive effects in the heart with respect to future research directions.  Keywords: Tumor Necrosis Factor, Hypertrophy, Pathophysiology, Cytokine, Pathology, Cardiovascular System.

Objective: The purpose of the present study aims to design a novel drug delivery system containing clarithromycin microsponges and to prepare microsponge gel. Methods: The microsponges were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method using polymer eudragit RS-100. All the formulated microsponges were subjected to various evaluation parameters such as production yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size analysis, and in vitro drug release study. Results: In vitro drug release of all the formulations was found to be 47.36% to 87.32%. Formulations F2, F3, and F4 show the best drug release from all formulations within 480 min. The optimized microsponge formulations F2, F3, and F4 were further formulated as gel formulations for topical delivery. Prepared gel was evaluated for physical parameters like pH, spreadability, viscosity, drug content, in vitro diffusion study, and stability study. All gel formulations showed drug release of 63.18±0.52%, 76.4±0.51%, and 72.93±0.42% from formulations GF1, GF2, and GF3, respectively, within 480 min. The microsponge gel formulation GF2 showed the controlled release of clarithromycin for 480 min, which was 76.4±0.51%. The stability study shows no significant changes in all parameters. Conclusion: With the revealed results by different evaluation parameters, it is concluded that the microsponges drug delivery system has become a highly competitive and rapidly evolving technology and more and more research is carried out to optimize the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of the therapy.