The present communication is an attempt to explore the synergistic effect of two indigenous phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) (Pseudomonas fluorescens BAM-4 and Burkholderia cepacia BAM-12) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus etunicatum on growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat plants grown in nutrient deficient soils in pots amended with tricalcium phosphate (TCP). A significant increase in growth, yield and nutrient uptake of wheat plants was noticed and both strains of PSB interacted positively with AM fungus towards all growth parameters studied. A remarkable enhancement of seed yield was recorded notably by 92.8% and an increase in percent root colonization of AM and PSB population in soil was also recorded with time.
Singh et al. (1986) proposed an almost unbiased ridge estimator using Jackknife method that required transformation of the regression parameters. This article shows that the same method can be used to derive the Jackknifed ridge estimator of the original (untransformed) parameter without transformation. This method also leads in deriving easily the second order Jackknifed ridge that may reduce the bias further. We further investigate the performance of these estimators along with a recent method by Batah et al. (2008) called modified Jackknifed ridge theoretically as well as numerically.
The combined inoculation of two or more microbial species, such as phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and PSB and nitrogen fixers, has often been reported to exert positive effect on growth and yield of various crops; however, reports on dual inoculation of PSB and free-living phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) are hardly available, which makes this study relevant. P-solubilization efficiency (SE) was highest for Bacillus sp.; SE values for RM-2 were highest on the 2 nd day of inoculation, whereas those for Aspergillus niger S-36 continuously increased up to the 5 th day of incubation. We performed an experiment to evaluate the co-inoculation effect of two phosphate-solubilization-efficient strains of bacteria and fungi in a pot trial. RM-2 strain produced chitinase that might have conferred biocontrol properties on chickpea. The overall growth of plants via dual inoculation was significantly (P = 0.05) greater than that for control and single inoculations in a pot trial, indicating the positive synergistic effect of co-inoculation of PSB and PSF for crop improvement, which could be useful for farmers and sustainable agriculture.
A two warehouse inventory model for deteriorating items is considered with exponential demand rate and permissible delay in payment. Shortage is not allowed and deterioration rate is constant. In the model, one warehouse is rented and the other is owned. The rented warehouse is provided with better facility for the stock than the owned warehouse, but is charged more. The objective of this model is to find the best replenishment policies for minimizing the total appropriate inventory cost. A numerical illustration and sensitivity analysis are provided.
It is a well-established fact in regression analysis that multicollinearity and autocorrelated errors have adverse effects on the properties of the least squares estimator. Huang and Yang (2015) and Chandra and Tyagi (2016) studied the PCTP estimator and the − ( , ) class estimator, respectively, to deal with both problems simultaneously and compared their performances with the estimators obtained as their special cases. However, to the best of our knowledge, the performance of both estimators has not been compared so far. Hence, this paper is intended to compare the performance of these two estimators under mean squared error (MSE) matrix criterion. Further, a simulation study is conducted to evaluate superiority of the − ( , ) class estimator over the PCTP estimator by means of percentage relative efficiency. Furthermore, two numerical examples have been given to illustrate the performance of the estimators.
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