Introduction:The prevalence of major depressive disorders is higher among persons with diabetes compared to the general population. These associations may be related to the increased risk of depressive symptoms in individuals with diabetes, increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in individuals with depressive symptoms, or both.Objectives:To study the association of depression with diabetes and its complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in eastern UP.Material and Methods:Sixty cases and an equal number of age- and sex-matched controls were assessed for depression, diabetes complications, and a demography profile.Results:Depression was found in 26 (43.34%) cases, while it was present in only eight (13.33%) controls (P = 0.002). Depression correlated with the level of hyperglycemia at presentation, as measured by fasting and postprandial blood glucose (FBG and PPBG) values. The presence of diabetic nephropathy was significantly associated with depression, while the prevalence of other complications of diabetes (retinopathy and dyslipidemia), although higher among those with depression, was not statistically significant. The level of HbA1c was 8.56 ± 1.66 in the depressed versus 8.04 ± 1.88 in the non-depressed diabetics (P = 0.26).Conclusions:The association of depression with diabetes and its complications in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics was highlighted in our subpopulation and emphasized the need for integrated health services. The prevalence of depression was higher among them compared to controls. The chances of becoming depressed increased as the diabetes complications worsened.
Our study highlights the yet underestimated and neglected burden of ID in HF patients in India. This study suggests further large-scale studies to better characterize this easily treatable condition and considering routine testing in future Indian guidelines.
Background: The incidence of jaundice in first week of life is very common affecting about 55% of term and 82% of preterm neonates. There should be specific guidelines for the early prediction of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia by different available techniques. This will not only decrease the social, financial and medical burden but will also help in minimising the extent of brain damage. The aim of the present study is to confirm that umbilical cord blood bilirubin level is an important predictor of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia. Besides this, the safe cut off value of bilirubin is also studied for early diagnosis of jaundice. Methods: It is an observational, prospective study in which the umbilical cord blood was collected for the estimation of serum bilirubin level and then again after 72 hours of life for estimation of serum total bilirubin. Statistical test using chi-square test of significance was applied and the predictive values (Sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) were calculated using the conventional formulae. Results: Various maternal factors (age, parity and mode of delivery) and neonatal factors (sex, gestational age and birth weight) can influence the incidence of neonatal jaundice. It was an interesting finding that the neonates who had high umbilical cord bilirubin level, developed neonatal jaundice in the first week of life. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were highest in case of group 4 (96.5%) and (96.2%) respectively. The positive predictive value was highest in group 4 (42%) and negative predictive value was highest in group 3 (94%). Conclusion: The bilirubin estimation of umbilical cord blood can be an important indicator of neonatal jaundice and helps in planning the management of neonate.
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