Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause a variety of infections including oral-facial infections, genital herpes, herpes keratitis, cutaneous infection and so on. To date, FDA-approved licensed HSV vaccine is not available yet. Hence, the study was conducted to identify and characterize an effective epitope based polyvalent vaccine against both types of Herpes Simplex Virus through targeting six viral proteins. The selected proteins were retrieved from viralzone and assessed to design highly antigenic epitopes by binding analyses of the peptides with MHC class-I and class-II molecules, antigenicity screening, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach. The final vaccine was constructed by the combination of top CTL, HTL and BCL epitopes from each protein along with suitable adjuvant and linkers. Physicochemical and secondary structure analysis, disulfide engineering, molecular dynamic simulation and codon adaptation were further employed to develop a unique multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Docking analysis of the refined vaccine structure with different MHC molecules and human immune TLR-2 receptor demonstrated higher interaction. Complexed structure of the modeled vaccine and TLR-2 showed minimal deformability at molecular level. Moreover, translational potency and microbial expression of the modeled vaccine was analyzed with pET28a(+) vector for E. coli strain strain K12. The study enabled design of a novel chimeric polyvalent vaccine to confer broad range immunity against both HSV serotypes. However, further wet lab based research using model animals are highly recommended to experimentally validate our findings.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause a variety of infections including oral-facial infections, genital herpes, herpes keratitis, cutaneous infection and so on. To date, FDA-approved licensed HSV vaccine is not available yet. Hence, the study was conducted to identify and characterize an effective epitope based polyvalent vaccine against both types of Herpes Simplex Virus through targeting six viral proteins. The selected proteins were retrieved from viralzone and assessed to design highly antigenic epitopes by binding analyses of the peptides with MHC class-I and class-II molecules, antigenicity screening, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach. The final vaccine was constructed by the combination of top CTL, HTL and BCL epitopes from each protein along with suitable adjuvant and linkers. Physicochemical and secondary structure analysis, disulfide engineering, molecular dynamic simulation and codon adaptation were further employed to develop a unique multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Docking analysis of the refined vaccine structure with different MHC molecules and human immune TLR-2 receptor demonstrated higher interaction. Complexed structure of the modeled vaccine and TLR-2 showed minimal deformability at molecular level. Moreover, translational potency and microbial expression of the modeled vaccine was analyzed with pET28a(+) vector for E. coli strain strain K12. The study enabled design of a novel chimeric polyvalent vaccine to confer broad range immunity against both HSV serotypes. However, further wet lab based research using model animals are highly recommended to experimentally validate our findings.
In-vitro callus induction and regeneration method was developed using different plant growth regulators (PGRs), and basal media (Murashige and Skoog (MS), CHU (N6) and Gamborg (B5) media) of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. Observations of the effect of PGRs were carried out using different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and combinations of 2,4-D and NAA using different basal media. This study found Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck exhibited a high frequency of callus induction on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/L 2,4-D and callus induction frequency was 86.7% ± 3.4% whereas N6 and B5 showed lower callus induction frequency of 83.3% ± 8.8% and 82.2% ± 1.9% respectively compared to that of MS media with supplementation of the same hormone. Among the induced calli, the morphological analysis showed only 40% -50% was embryogenic calli. Regeneration of plantlets from calli was done using different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinin. The study showed that 3 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) supplemented medium has the maximum potential to promote regeneration of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck from embryogenic calli with the frequency of 89.3% ± 8.8% but no regeneration occurred from the non-embryogenic calli. The regenerated plantlets were rooted on MS medium with supplementation of 5 mg/l NAA.These observations in Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck regeneration will be helpful for genetic improvement with desired traits.
Allergy is a steadily increasing health problem for all age groups. In general, it's recommended that 10-35% of our daily calories come from protein. A complete protein source is one that provides all of the essential amino acids called high quality proteins. Although animalbased foods; for example, meat, poultry, fish, milk, eggs, are considered complete protein sources these are the common sources of causing allergenicity. In case of meat Bos taurus, prawn Penaeus monodon and egg Gallus gallus are found to be the most responsible for triggering allergenicity. The current study has disclosed the best alternative sources for meat, prawn and egg through in silico characterization and comparative analysis of allergic proteins (Myoglobin Ovomucoid, Lysozyme, Ovalbumin, Ovotransferrin, Tropomyosin) with other common sources of meat (Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Gallus gallus, Sus scrofa), prawn (Fenneropenaeus merguiensis, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Metapenaeus ensis, Pandalus borealis) and egg (Anas platyrhynchos). Analyzing the results we found that Gallus gallus, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Anas platyrhynchos would be the safe source for meat, prawn and egg respectively.
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