Objective: To determine if below-elbow casts are as effective as above-elbow casts in the treatment of the distal third closed forearm fractures in children. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective comparative study and was conducted at orthopaedic department of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences (LUMHS). Children 4 to 12 years of age who presented to, distal 1/3rd fractures of the forearm were randomized in order to manage with either an above-elbow or below-elbow cast after closed reduction under fluoroscopic guidance. Radiographic analysis was done for angulation and displacement at the injury time, following reduction, and at subsequent intervals of follow-up. At the fracture level, the cast index for evaluating the cast moulding quality was assessed from the post-reduction radiographs. Variations between post-reduction and final values for displacement and angulation, the range of motion of elbow, forearm and wrists and cast indices between the two groups were compared. Results: Of total 50 study subjects, 26 underwent above-elbow cast and 24 subjects underwent below-elbow cast techniques. Mean age of above-elbow cast group patients was 9.42 year and the mean age in of below-elbow cast group patients was 9.13 years. 15 male and 11 female patients were present in above-elbow cast group; 14 male and 10 female patients were present in below-elbow cast group. The mean cast index of above-elbow cast group was 0.71 and the mean cast index of below-elbow cast was 0.70. In terms of patient demographics, injury mechanism, characteristics of initial fracture, cast index or shift in displacement and angulation during treatment, no significant variances were observed between both groups. In above-elbow cast group, the mean elbow arc of motion on cast removal at six weeks was only 78° compared to 141.6° in below-elbow cast group. There was a significant decline in arc of motion of elbow joint in above-elbow cast group compared to below-elbow cast group in six weeks which became normal at final follow-up in three months. The complication rates in both the groups were similar. Conclusion: Below-elbow cast is the safe reliable and cost-effective method of cast immobilization in distal third forearm fractures in the children of 4 to 12 years of age.

The present study was carried out from Sindh, Pakistan during 2012-2013. A total of 1,964 specimens of butterflies were collected from the different localities of Sindh, Pakistan. The identification was done through available literature. Among collected specimens, 67 species belonging to 41 genera of 16 subfamilies falling in 6 families were identified. Our result showed that Lycaenidae was the richest family; comprising 19 species followed by Pieridae comprising 18 species, Nymphalidae 11 species, Hesperiidae 11 species, Danaidae comprising 5 species and Papilionidae comprising 03 species were reported. The present study was first time attempt to make the checklist of butterfly fauna of Sindh, Pakistan.

The present study was conducted to investigate the toxic effects of endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) on male reproductive function. Eighty male spray workers were participated and exposed to Organophosphate (Profenofos 500EC) insecticide to evaluate the alterations in serum testosterone level. During study period participants were assessed regarding their exposure to pesticides, protective tools and health conditions. Bloods samples were collected before and after spraying pesticide for the assessment of serum testosterone. Results were analyzed statistically. It was revealed that 70% of the post exposure spray workers had significant decrease in the serum testosterone (4.40±1.25ng/ml P < 0.01) as compared to pre exposure to spray that was 5.80±0.78ng/ml. Out of these 70%, (21%) spray workers were recorded with below normal level of serum testosterone (2.73±0.30ng/ml). Clinical symptoms related to pesticide exposure dizziness, headache, joints pain, nausea, skin and eyes allergy were observed. It was concluded that profenofos may inhibit serum testosterone synthesis by disrupting hypothalamic, pituitarytesticular axis could impair the reproductive function in spray workers.

The present paper deals with designing a criteria catalog for the definition and characterization of academic innovation facilities established within premises of higher education institutes. The in-depth content analysis of available scientific literature on the topic and web description of existing innovation facilities from their official websites is carried out following a purposive observational approach. As a result, a criteria catalog of 12 aspects including 6 functional and 6 structural aspects along with their possible field configurations is devised and proposed herein. The proposed catalog should assist in defining a particular innovation facility in more standardized manner and thereby serve as a guideline for planning and establishing new academic innovation facilities. The catalog should also enable to cross-compare and distinguish multiple innovation facilities across different geographies in order to reveal their relative strengths and weaknesses.

Ecotoxicological impacts of pyrethroid insecticides are getting attention to their indiscriminate use in agriculture sector. The aim of present experimental study was to evaluate the possible hepatotoxic effects bifenthrin insecticide in avian species. For this purpose, 36 Pigeons were (Columba livia domestica) randomly divided in three equal group (A, B & C). Oral doses 1/20 th & 1/15 th of LD50 (22mg. and 30mg./kg./day) of bifenthrin were administrated to test group A and B respectively for 40 consecutive days, whereas group C birds kept as control. All birds were supplied same quantity of food and water. A highly significant decrease (P < 0.001) in the body weight was recorded in both test group birds as compared to group C. Treated birds demonstrated change in color of the liver with paleness to yellowish coloration. Microscopic examinations revealed that, transverse section liver was showing enlarged hepatocytes increased sinusoidal spaces, vacuolation of hepatocytes and inflammatory cells with hypertrophy at the oral dose of (22 mg./kg./day). While oral dose of bifenthrin (30 mg./kg./day) exerted marked histopathological changes in the liver of group B birds like diffused vacuolation, congestion and deterioration of the hepatocytes, haemorrhages and hepatic fibrosis. The findings of present study revealed that bifenthrin insecticide exerted toxic effects in exposed pigeons and can produce moderate to severe hepatic alterations in the avian species in proportion to exposure level and duration.

Objective: The objectives of the study are to compare the outcome of dynamic compression plates with intramedullarynails in closed diaphyseal humeral shaft fracture with type A1-2 , A2-2 and A3. Study Design: Comparative study. Place and duration ofstudy: Study was carried out at the Orthopaedics Unit-I, Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad / Jamshoro , from March 2007 to Feb2009. Methodology: Study consisted of 40 patients of diagnosed cases of closed diaphyseal humeral shaft fracture with type A1-2 , A2-2and A3. Patients were divided in two groups. Group A for dynamic compression plates and group B for intramedullary nails. DetailedClinical examination of the patient was done and recorded in proforma. Systemic review was also done to see any major or minor headinjury. All patients underwent for base line investigation. In Inclusion criteria; patients with type A1-2 , A2-2 and A3-2 closed diaphysealhumeral shaft fracture ,bilateral fractures, associated with minor head injuries, age between 20-40 years and fracture not more than twoweeks old. In Exclusion criteria ; Open fracture, associated with severe chest or abdominal injuries, pathological fractures and malunitedfractures with neurological deficit. Follow up of all these patients was done .1st four visit after every week , then alternet week upto 3rdmonth then monthly upto 6 month to assess any complication. Results were prepared with help of tables and graphs. Data was analyzedthrough SPSS software version 16.0. Results: In both groups male were 35(87.5%) and female 5(12.5%) with male: Female Ratio of 7:1.There was wide variation of age ranging from a minimum of 20 year to 40 year in both group. The mean age was 29.78+3.5 years. Themost common cause of fracture shaft of humerus was road traffic accident (RTA). There were 23( 57.5%) patients who sustainedfractures of the humerus following road traffic accidents. Eight (20%) cases had fractures shaft of humerus after fall from height and 9 (22.5 %) cases had fractures shaft after assault. The Fracture pattern was Oblique in 22(55%) cases ,Transverse in 12( 30%) and Spiral in6(15 %) . Severity of post operative pain in both groups was recorded. Mild pain was felt in 10(50%) patients of DCP group and 6 (30%)patients of IMN group, Moderate pain was seen in 7(35%) patients of DCP group and 10 (50%) patients of IMN group, severe pain wasdescribed by 3(15%) patients in DCP group and 4 (20%) patients in IMN group. The complications seen in this study were Infection(1(5%) patients in DCP VS 0(0%) patients in IMN group), Iatrogenic palsy of radial nerve (1(5%) patients in DCP VS 0 (0%) patients in IMNgroup), Non union (1(5%) patients in DCP VS 1 (5%) patients in IMN group),Severe impingement (0(0%) patients in DCP VS 3 (15%)patients in IMN group), Adhesive capsulitis (0(0%) patients in DCP VS 2 (10%) patients in IMN group ). However minimal loss of fixation in1 (5%) cases and late fracture occurred in one case 5%. The duration of hospital stay varied from 1 to 20 days. It was longer about -10-20days in 12(60%) of DCP patients as compared to IMN cases where majority 11(55%) were discharged within 1 to 10 days. The meanhospital stay in DCP group was 15 days and IMN group was 13.5 days. Conclusions: Dynamic compression plate is a safe and effectiveprocedure for treatment of humeral shaft fractures. With low threshold of complications it has significant advantages over intramedullarynails procedure revealed with earlier mobilization, minimum hospitalization and fast recovery towards normal life.

Objectives: To analyze the comparative results of dynamic DHS fixation in stableand the unstable intertrochanteric fractures at LUH. Study Design: Comparative study. Setting:Orthopedic unit I of LUH Jamshoro. Period: 26th May 2010 – 25th August 2011. Methodology:All 40 patients with femur intertrochanteric fracture were enlisted. All cases isolated in 2 groupsevery having 20 patients, group A stable fracture and group B unstable fractures. After completephysical examination, examinations and fracture arrangement evaluation, patients were readiedfor operation. Fracture table was used in each operation. Fracture reduction was initiallyattempted by close manipulation and was successful in 30 (75%) cases. Lateral approach forproximal femur was used in every case. All fractures, whether stable or unstable, were reducedanatomically without any type of osteotomy and then fixed with 135o dynamic hip screw.Results: Mean age was 62.8.2 years of the cases. Gender ratio was 3:1. According to modeof injury were found RTA in 21 (70%) patients. Postoperative complications were recorded as;superficial infection noted in 2 (5%) patients and there was no case of deep infection. Averagestay of hospital found 16.5 days in 17 (42.5%) patients belongs to stable group and 06 (15%)patients belong to unstable group. All (n=40) patients were pain free on their discharge fromhospital. In all (n=40) patients we achieved union and there was no case of delayed unionor non-union. We assessed functional outcome of our patients on the base of Stinchfield HipAssessment system. According to SHAS 28 (70%) patients were excellent, 05 (12.5%) patientswere good, 04 (10%) were fair and 03 (7.5) were poor. We had not found mortality in our patients.Conclusions: According to our conclusion DHS is the best implant for intertrochanteric fracturefixation. No matter; whether fracture is stable, unstable and fresh or old.

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of intramedullary interlocking nailing in the management of Gustillo-I diaphyseal fracture of tibia. Study Design: This is an observational study. Setting: Study carried out at Orthopaedic Surgery department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro, form March 2018 to February 2021. Materials & Methods: 72 consecutive patients of Gustillo Type-I diaphyseal fracture of tibia. All patients age between 18-60 years with traumatic fracture like Gustillo Type-I diaphyseal fracture of tibia were included in this study. Patients reported chest, abdominal and head trauma with neurovascular deficit were excluded. Patients were prepared for surgery after relevant investigation and radiographs. Results: Out of 72 patients included in this study 11.11% were female (N=8) and 88.88% male (N=64); with mean age was 38.26±8.20 years (Range 18 to 60 years). Road traffic accident was common cause of tibia fracture (Gustillo Type-I). Postoperative mean union time of tibial fractures were 9.9±3. 2 week.Postoperatively started partial weight bearing associated with help of two axillary crutches. The patients walking with partial weight bearing allowed at 4.1±1.12 weeks. While patients walking with full weight bearing allowed at 10.8±2.4 weeks. Postoperatively 11(15.27%) patients were complaining of pain. Wound infection observed in 7(9.72%) cases. Clinically excellent results were found in 24(33.33%) patients, while good results remained in 30(41.66%) patients and fairs in 18(25%) patients.   Conclusion: We conclude that interlocking intra-medullary nailing may be considered as a suitable option for treatment of Gustilo-I diaphyseal fracture of tibia.