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Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disorder characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. The pathophysiology of PCOS is not clear; however, disturbance in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and abnormal steroidogenesis along with genetic and environmental factors act as main contributors to this disorder. Main text: Hyperandrogenism, the hallmark feature of PCOS, is clinically manifested as hirsutism, acne, and alopecia. Excessive androgen production by ovaries as well as from adrenals contributes to hyperandrogenism. Abnormalities in the neuroendocrine system like increased pulse frequency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, stimulating the pituitary for excessive production of luteinizing hormone than that of follicle-stimulating hormone is seen in PCOS women. Excess LH stimulates ovarian androgen production, whereas a relative deficit in FSH impairs follicular development. The imbalance in LH: FSH causes proliferation of ovarian theca cells leading to increased steroidogenesis, and ultimately leading to hyperandrogenism in PCOS women. Various genetic factors have been shown to be associated with abnormal steroidogenesis. CYP genes involved in steroidogenesis play an important role in androgen production and are considered as key players in hyperandrogenism in PCOS. Conclusion: Polymorphisms in CYP genes can aggravate the hyperandrogenic phenotype in women with PCOS by either upregulating or downregulating their expression, thus increasing androgens further. However, this hypothesis needs to be validated by further studies.

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Hfi/2) with the measure {exp -n' 1 S^i 2 /2 V[q(r)]dr}d^0/p(-*e/ 2 ,^e xp^The high-temperature limit (classical limit) of the above expression gives dii B~f ) eq (q)=Z-1 e~^ while in the low-temperature limit (j3-**>), from the comparison of Eq. (20) with (10) it is obvious that the Feynman process goes over to Nelson's stochastic process for the ground state, provided r is identified with the physical time of evolution of the process. In other words the Feynman formulation of quantum statistical mechanics, upon lowering of the temperature, produces the switch from the ensemble averages of the classical regime to the time averages of the groundstate process arising in the stochastic quantization. From the general point of view, this makes precise the connection between the zero-temperature limit of quantum statistical mechanics and Nelson's formulation of the quantum theory. With respect to the question originally posed in connection with quantum critical phenomena, the comparison of Eq. (19) with Eq. (3) makes it evident that the framework of stochastic quantization allows us to bypass the current notion of dimensional crossover by introducing the dynamical PACS numbers: 06.In a crossed laser-atomic beam experiment the wavelengths of the 2s-3p transitions are measured in H and D to a precision of one part in 10 9 . Our value for the Rydberg constant is Roc =109 737.315 21(11) cm" 1 . The fine-structure splittings of the Sp states in H and D are 3249.8(8) and 3251.7(7) MHz, respectively; the isotope shifts for the 2s-3p 1 / 2 and 2s-3p 3 / 2 transitions are 124260.7(7) and 124262.6(7) MHz, respectively. Our results largely agree with previous, less precise experiments and with theory.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a multispectral disorder requiring lifelong management. Its pathophysiology is still being explored which makes its treatment options restrained. Present study explores impact of oral contraceptive mode of treatment on metabolic, hormonal, inflammation and coagulation profile of PCOS women. 50 subjects diagnosed with Rotterdam criteria receiving no drug treatment served as controls whereas 50 subjects receiving only OCPs (Ethinyl estradiol 0.03 mg, Levonorgestrel 0.15 mg) as a mode of treatment at least for six-months served as cases. Ferriman-Gallwey score and hormonal profile improved on OCP treatment. However, parameters like weight, Body mass index, waist-hip ratio, Oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profile, insulin, HOMA-IR, adiponectin, interleukin1β, visfatin, resistin, tissue factor, PT and APTT showed considerable derangements in OCP group. All above parameters are associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary vascular disease, cancers, hypercoagulable state, venous thromboembolism and thrombotic events. Long-term use of OCPs needs to be considered carefully for PCOS patients who are already burdened with associated risk factors. This study was conducted in a region where women do not have much access to high-end screening and diagnostic facilities that further exacerbates their clinical outcomes. Large scale, long-term studies need to be designed to further evaluate safety use of OCPs in PCOS women.

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