Plant diseases and pests are risk factors that threaten global food security. Excessive chemical pesticide applications are commonly used to reduce the effects of plant diseases caused by bacterial and fungal pathogens. A major concern, as we strive toward more sustainable agriculture, is to increase crop yields for the increasing population. Microbial biological control agents (MBCAs) have proved their efficacy to be a green strategy to manage plant diseases, stimulate plant growth and performance, and increase yield. Besides their role in growth enhancement, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria/fungi (PGPR/PGPF) could suppress plant diseases by producing inhibitory chemicals and inducing immune responses in plants against phytopathogens. As biofertilizers and biopesticides, PGPR and PGPF are considered as feasible, attractive economic approach for sustainable agriculture; thus, resulting in a “win-win” situation. Several PGPR and PGPF strains have been identified as effective BCAs under environmentally controlled conditions. In general, any MBCA must overcome certain challenges before it can be registered or widely utilized to control diseases/pests. Successful MBCAs offer a practical solution to improve greenhouse crop performance with reduced fertilizer inputs and chemical pesticide applications. This current review aims to fill the gap in the current knowledge of plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), provide attention about the scientific basis for policy development, and recommend further research related to the applications of PGPM used for commercial purposes.

Notwithstanding scientific advances, a significant number of the treatments in male infertility remained stayed vague. This study was aimed to study the impact of Alpinia Officinarum on sex hormones, serum antioxidant and biochemical markers in rats. Forty adult male rats, of (220 ± 10g) were partitioned into five groups (each consists of eight rats). The primary group was negative control group (-ve) and fed on basal diet only. The other four groups were subcutaneously injected with a single dose of lead acetate (200 mg/kg b.w) to reduce fertility, then were divided into 4 subgroups: including control positive group, and 2nd, 3rd and 4th subgroup were fed on basal diet with supplementation of dried A. officinarum at (5, 7.5 and 10%) respectively for two month. The results revealed that, supplementation with A. officinarum caused a significant positive effects on testes which due to a significant increase in the levels of serum total testosterones, Follicular stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) levels while Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was diminished. In addition, liver functions and serum lipid profiles were significantly improved compared to the positive control group. In conclusion: Our findings provide a scientific evidence to substantiate A. officinarum in improving fertility in human which may be due to its potent antioxidant properties and androgenic activities.

Bone mass declines alongside maturing, particularly for ladies after menopause as a result of diminishing estrogen emission together with low calcium consumption. This examination was directed to examine the impact of powdered cuttlebone, crab shell and eggshell, on female rats with induced osteoporosis. Fifty adult female albino rats, of (200 ± 10 g) were haphazardly divided into five groups, the first group, negative control group (-ve) fed on basal diet only, the other four groups (10 rats each) were fed on basal diet containing 100 mg prednisone acetate as source of glucocorticoid/ kg diet to induce osteoporosis for two weeks. One group of them was selected as a positive control group, the other three groups were fed on prednisone acetate diets containing powder of cuttlebone, crabshell and eggshell, at the level of 2.5% individually. Blood samples and femur bones were gathered for measure both serum and bone markers of osteoporosis. The results indicated that, supplementation with powder of cuttlebone, crabshell and eggshell significantly (P<0.05) increase of Ca and P in serum of osteoporotic rats. There were a significant increment in serum free thyroxin (T4) and a significant decrease in parathyroid hormone (PTH). Femur bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) were likewise increased as compared to positive control group. In addition, liver functions were significantly (P<0.05) improved compared to the positive control group, while serum lipid profiles were significantly decreased. These results recommend that sustaining postmenopausal rats with osteoporosis on diets supplemented with powder of cuttlebone, crab shell and eggshell instigated an enemy of osteoporotic impact. This impact may be due to upgrade of bone arrangement and direction of some metabolic hormones which control calcium. Therefore, it could be recommended using powder of cuttlebone, crabshell and eggshell for postmenopausal women suffering from osteoporosis.

This study investigated the possible effect of soybean, virgin coconut and Moringa oleifera seed oils for 8 weeks on Propylthiouracil (PTU) induced hypothyroidism in rats. Thirty five male albino rats were divided into two main groups; Group (I) (7 rats) was fed only basal diet and served as a negative control group. Group (II) (28 rat) were injected with (10 mg / kg / day PTU) for 15 day to cause hypothyroidism, then divided into 4 subgroups: namely control positive group based on basal diet, and 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th subgroup were treated orally with dose of 5ml/kg BW oils of Soybean (SO), Virgin coconut (VCO) and M.oleifera seeds (MOO), respectively beside basal diet. The results showed that PTU exposed rats showed significant decrease (P≤0.05) in serum FT3, FT4 levels and significant increase (P≤0.05) in serum TSH levels. The orall treatement with SO, VCO and MOO was significantly increased FT4 and FT3, while decreased the level of TSH comparing with the positive control group. It was also reduced level of malondialdehyde (MDA) level, significantly, increased activity of liver antioxidant enzymes-superoxide dismutase (SOD) and improved liver functions and lipid profile compared with the positive control group. So, it could be concluded that oils of soybean, virgin coconut and M. oleifera seed oils improve the role of thyroid by raising thyroid hormones and reducing oxidative stress in patients with hypothyroidism.

In recent years, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) have been emphasized. While commonly debated and often opposed, these are clearly successful as a method for treating obesity, hyperlipidemia and diabetes at least in the short to medium term. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the impact of ketogenic diet (KD) supplemented with oil of either grape seed or fish and virgin olive on diabetic rats. Forty eight male albino rats weighing 200 to 210 g, were assigned into two main groups. The first group (n=8) was control negative group (-ve), the second main group (n=40) were intraperitoneally injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) [60 mg/kg b.w.] for induction of diabetes, then these rats were divided into five subgroups. Subgroup one was fed on the basal diet and served as a control positive group, while subgroup 2 was fed on KD only and subgroups from 3 to 5 were fed on KD supplemented with 4% oil of either grape seed or fish and virgin olive, respectively for 8 weeks. The results indicated that, STZ treated rats showed significant reduction (P≤0.05) in serum insulin concentration and increased glucose levels compared to normal rats. KD supplemented with oil of either grape seed or fish and virgin olive improved the biochemical changes due to diabetes. Furthermore, the intervention caused favorable changes in blood lipids and restored liver and kidney functions of the treated rats compared to the control positive group. In conclusion, the ketogenic diet and KD supplemented with oil of either grape seed or fish or virgin olive are potentially promising diets for diabetic patients.