Context: Although cholelithiasis is not a common condition in children, recent studies have documented an increasing incidence rate, owing to the development of diagnostic tools. The prevalence of cholelithiasis in children has been reported to be 0.13% -0.3%, whereas in obese children and adolescents, the prevalence rate has been estimated at 2% -6.1%. In this study, we aimed to review cholelithiasis in children. The gathered results could be useful in finding a suitable method and proper clinical practice for this complication.Evidence Acquisition: For literature review, international databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar, were searched, using keyword combinations, e.g., "cholelithiasis in children", "gallstone in children", and "childhood cholelithiasis", to review diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for cholelithiasis in children from 2006 to 2016. Also, some articles were retrieved through hand searching and reviewing the reference lists of papers, regardless of the date of publication. Abstracts, duplicates, and articles irrelevant to childhood cholelithiasis were excluded.Results: A total of 36 out of 93 articles were reviewed. The results showed that the prevalence of childhood cholelithiasis varies in different communities, with a global rate of 1.9%. Most cases of cholelithiasis in children were associated with underlying diseases. Hemolytic diseases, hereditary blood disorders, and cirrhosis were among the main causes of cholelithiasis in children. Cholelithiasis was detected incidentally or via diagnostic evaluations due to the presentation of symptoms. Conclusions:Although evaluation of the underlying causes of gallstone formation and appropriate diagnostic/therapeutic implications is still a challenging issue in the management of childhood cholelithiasis, in asymptomatic cases or those with gallstones of certain sizes, it is only recommended to monitor the disease or rule out the underlying causes. It should be noted that long periods of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches can impose stress and tension on families.

The heavy casualties associated with mass disasters necessitate substantial resources to be managed. The unexpectedly violent nature of such occurrences usually remains a problematic amount of victims that urgently require to be identified by a reliable and economical method. Conventional identification methods are inefficient in many cases such as plane crashes and fire accidents that have damaged the macrobiometric features such as fingerprints or faces. An appropriate recognition method for such cases should use features more resistant to destruction. Forensic dentistry provides the most appropriate available method for the successful identification of victims using careful techniques and precise data interpretation. Since bones and teeth are the most persistent parts of the demolished bodies in sudden mass disasters, scanning and radiographs are unrepeatable parts of forensic dentistry. Forensic dentistry as a scientific method of human remain identification has been considerably referred to be efficient in disasters. Forensic dentistry can be used for either “sex and age estimation,” “Medical biotechnology techniques,” or “identification with dental records,” etc. The present review is aimed at discussing the development and implementation of forensic dentistry methods for human identification. For this object, the literature from the last decade has been searched for the innovations in forensic dentistry for human identification based on the PubMed database.

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A new sugarcane leaf spot disease caused by Exserohilum rostratum was found in Ahvaz, southwestern Iran during a series of surveys on fungal species causing sugarcane leaf diseases in 2011. Three single spore derived isolates were obtained from diseased sugarcane leaves and the pathogenicity of each isolate to sugarcane plants was confirmed by inoculation tests based on Koch's postulates. The isolates were identified as members of E. rostratum based on their morphological characters as well as rDNA-ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences. This is the first report of leaf blight caused by E. rostratum on S. officinarum in Iran.

Context: The association between periodontal disease (PD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been evaluated in many epidemiological studies; however, the results are controversial. Herein, we aimed to review if the childhood periodontal diseases are associated with future cardiovascular events or not.

Background: Anomalies such as ectopic tooth eruption and transposition are challenging situations that may complicate the orthodontic treatment. Some of these anomalies can only be diagnosed and managed by accurate long-term radiographic examination. Delayed diagnosis could impede simple preventive orthodontic measurements and cause more costly and consuming future complicated orthodontic treatment.Case Description: We described in detail the long term follow-up of a young female patient referring with a unilateral ectopic eruption. The patient was under close observation and regular orthodontic treatment to guide a unilateral ectopic eruption into a complete transposition of an upper left canine and first premolar. The long term follow-up revealed stables results.Practical Implications: Early diagnosis and preventive measurements in patients suffering from anomalies such as ectopic eruption is crucial in order to avoid further complications such as tooth impaction and dilaceration formation and adopting the best choice of treatment.

Context: Oral health status plays an essential role in human health. Recently, enhancement in oral health caries has been noted in both developed and developing countries. Dental caries is still very common among children. Screening and preventive interventions is necessary. The aim of this study was to review the diagnostic and preventive approaches for dental caries in children. Evidence Acquisition: Searching PubMed, Medline, the Cochrane Library (for 5 recent years from 2011 -2016), and reference lists for keywords and phrases such as "dental caries in children" and prevention and diagnosis, we included trials and controlled observational studies regarding the diagnosis and preventive techniques for dental caries in children. Results: We found no study demonstrating the effects of screening by primary care providers on clinical outcomes. In a cohort study, pediatrician examination associated with a sensitivity of 0.76 was reported to identify dental caries in children. The results of the new randomized trials that were confirmed by previous studies showed that the efficacy of fluoride varnish is more than no varnish in reduction of dental caries from 18% to 59%. Some of the trials regarding xylitol had no results regarding the effects on dental caries. New observational studies have shown an association between early childhood fluoride use and enamel fluorosis. There is no evidence on the accuracy of prediction instruments in primary care settings. Conclusions: We found no direct evidence that reveals that screening by primary care clinicians can decrease early childhood caries. Previous evidences reviewed by the United State Preventive Services Task Force demonstrated that oral fluoride supplementation is effective in decreasing caries incidences, and recent evidences supported the effectiveness of fluoride varnish in higher-risk children.