The planning and development of distribution networks with a substantial penetration of microgrids connected to the medium voltage (MV) network form the main themes of this paper. The impact of microgrids is assessed in terms of their effect on optimal network topology, losses, reliability, reserve connections, network upgrade and expansion savings. The earning base of the distribution system operator also comes under scrutiny. A suburban MV cable network is planned using a network planning algorithm developed by the authors, first with optimal routing for demand-only nodes and then with a 33% penetration of randomly located microgrids. The network is then expanded to meet the requirements of a future planning horizon, in order to compare the expanded and upgraded optimum MV network topology with and without microgrids. Apart from visually depicting the topological differences, the savings such microgrids can give to the long term distribution network investment and running costs are quantified in terms of the investment costs, loss costs and interruption costs. When networks are planned with optimal rather than full backup, the introduction of microgrids is shown to have a considerable saving impact on all cost components except the cost per unit power transfer in the distribution network.
Summary
Recently, with the development of electric vehicles (EVs), in order to compensate for the undesirable effects of charging stations on grid characteristics, paying attention to the local generators based on renewable energy has increased and has caused to develop of the peripheral systems. In this paper, a high step‐up multistage structure consisting of several integrated boost flyback converter (IBFC) has been proposed. In the combination of these stages, the boost subconverters are interleaved in order to charge the battery bank and are in series with the flyback subconverters in order to supply the variable loads. The proposed structure has advantages, such as applicability in high voltage step‐up cases, enhanced reliability in photovoltaic system, and flexibility against variable power consumption. In addition, this structure at the no‐load condition has the ability to charge the battery system with proper voltage and supply several vehicles simultaneously without any voltage drop. Furthermore, the energy stored in leakage inductor can be recycled instead of damping with passive snubbers, resulting in high conversion efficiency and simple circuit structure with fewer components. The performance of proposed structure is analyzed in detail at no‐load, loading, and input power outage conditions. Then, the proposed converter with solar panel input power in order to supply the EV charging system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink to verify the analytical results. Finally, a three‐stage prototype (17.3–240 V) with 60 W solar panel input has been developed, which validates the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed topology using variable loads (180, 360, 720 W).
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