BackgroundBeing elderly and retired are related phenomena that overlap in a time symmetry. The present study aimed to assess the effect of an empowering self-management model on the self-efficacy and sense of coherence (SOC) in retired elderly with chronic diseases.MethodsA randomized controlled trial that included 60 elderly people was carried out in Bushehr (Iran) in 2016. The participants were randomly assigned to either a control group or an intervention group. Based on an empowering self-management model, the intervention group participated in a five-stage plan: 1) self-awareness of changes and understanding their personal level of performance and expectations; 2) optimal goal setting; 3) planning; 4) adjusting physical, psychological, and social structures; and 5) evaluation. Self-efficacy and SOC were measured using the questionnaires developed by Sherer and Antonovsky, respectively, before and after the intervention. The results of the observed differences between the groups were subsequently compared. Data were presented as mean±SD.ResultsThe mean change of the self-efficacy score in the intervention and control groups was 9.48±5.32 and 1.68± 6.04, respectively, (t[56]=5.20, P<0.001). The mean change of the SOC score in the intervention and control groups was 24.17±12.05 and 0.10±13.42, respectively, (t[56]=7.18, P<0.001).ConclusionThe applied empowering self-management model led to an improved self-efficacy and SOC among the retired elderly with chronic diseases. This model can be used to empower the elderly to achieve comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness in their lives.

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BACKGROUND:Although education is one of the most substantial needs of patients that should be taught by nurses and midwives, it is not clearly defined through the hidden curriculum in students’ teaching programs. The aim of this study was to explore the patient education through the hidden curriculum in the perspectives of nursing and midwifery students.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A qualitative, content analysis study was performed and twenty nursing and midwifery students were interviewed. Data were collected using face-to-face semi-structured interviews and analyzed using conventional content analysis approach.RESULTS:Students’ perception of the hidden curriculum in patient education emerged in three main themes concerning: (1) interactions, (2) teaching and learning opportunities, and (3) reflective evaluation.CONCLUSIONS:The hidden curriculum in patient education can be transferred as interactions between professors, students, nurses, doctors, and also patients who are rooted from paying attention to the human dimension of the patient, avoiding the materialistic treatment of the patient and treating the patient with dignity. Educational policies and students’ assignments should be designed based on the patient's educational goals and the goal of evaluation has to be presented to the students clearly.

Female sexual dysfunctions are common in the general population and remain a multifaceted problem that continues to be under recognized and under treated. This article reports a descriptive analytic study to assess prevalence of female sexual dysfunction and related factors for under treatment. In this cross sectional study, 1054 married women age 18-59 years were randomly selected from rural and urban health centers of Bushehr province. Data was collected by a questionnaire for demographic characteristic and Female Sexual Function Index for assessment of sexual dysfunction. For data analysis descriptive analytic tests were used. A total of 71.1% of subjects reported desire disorder. Prevalence of arousal, lubricating, orgasmic and pain disorders were 66.4, 38, 34.8 and 38.4%, respectively. Desire and arousal disorder were significantly interrelated with age, educational level, economic and marital status, smoking behavior of subjects and age, educational level, occupation and marital status of their husbands. Lubricating disorder was interrelated with age, educational level, occupation, smoking behavior and economic status of subjects and age, educational level and occupation of their husbands. Orgasmic disorder was significantly interrelated with age, educational level, occupation, economic status and smoking behavior of subjects and age, educational level and occupation of their husbands. There was a significant relationship between pain disorder with age, smoking, economic status of subjects and age, educational level, occupation of their husbands. 47.1 percent of subjects agreed that they had a problem. Only 9.2% of them reported going for treatment. Most of participants reported that they were ashamed of talking about these problems. Female sexual dysfunction is prevalent in Bushehr province but treatment rate is