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Background: Fine needle aspiration is a quick and effective method in the diagnosis of breast lumps and is being widely used in the preoperative assessment of breast lesions. Studies related to male breast lesions are rare. The aim of our study is to study the spectrum of male breast lesions and to analyze the cytological spectrums of these lesions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 5 years. FNAC was done on all male patients clinically presenting with breast lesions. Cytological findings were retrospectively correlated with histopathological dignosis. FNAC diagnosis was categorized as benign, malignant, suspicious of malignancy and unsatisfactory. Results: Male breast lesions formed 6.2% (38 cases) of the 612 breast lesions which were sent for FNA over a period of 5 years. Of these histopathological examination was done only in 19 cases. 86.8% (33 cases) were benign or reactive and 10.6% (4 cases) were malignant. Gynecomastia was the commonest benign lesion (29 cases). Conclusion: This study showed that FNAC is a reliable, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for diagnosing male breast lesions. Hence, it should be used as a first line of investigation in the evaluation of male breast lesions.

INTRODUCTIONThe orbit is a unique and anatomically complex structure composed of the globe, extra ocular muscles, fat, vascular, nerve, glandular and connective tissues.1 Many of the tissues are neuroectodermal in origin. Therefore, neoplastic lesions of these tissues display wider range of pathological findings as compared to similar tumours in rest of the body.2 The diverse presentation of orbital lesions is compounded by the patients' fear of loss of vision. Hence, quite often lesions of the orbit pose as a major challenge to ophthalmologists and surgical pathologists alike. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) provides a safe, simple, cost effective and reliable outpatient department technique for the rapid diagnosis of orbital lesions. FNAC has a high diagnostic accuracy rate, provided that adequate material is aspirated for microscopical examination and interpretation is done properly.3,4 It allows the diagnosis of a new primary lesion or the recurrence or metastasis of a tumour. In addition, it aids to identify benign resectable neoplasms that are treated by limited surgery while reducing unnecessary surgeries for diseases that medical therapy, as in nonresectable, inflammatory, and lymphoid tumours. 5 ABSTRACTBackground: FNAC has been playing an important role in the diagnosis of ophthalmic lesions. Being a quick and cost effective method, FNAC aids in the diagnosis of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions that warrant immediate medical or surgical intervention. However, there is a paucity of studies in this regard. The aim of our study is to analyze the cytological spectrum of ocular lesions followed by subsequent histopathological examination. Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 5 years. FNAC was done on patients clinically presenting with ocular lesions. Cytological findings were retrospectively correlated with histopathological diagnosis. Results: A total 63 cases of ophthalmic lesions were analysed. Of these, 36 were males and 27 were females. The age of patients ranged from 3 to 75 years. The cases were categorised according to location and into benign (58.73%) and malignant cases (41.27%). Histopathological diagnosis was available in 58 cases. The commonest benign lesion was chalazion (9 cases). The commonest benign lid tumour was hemangioma (5 cases) while commonest malignant lid tumour was basal cell carcinoma (4 cases) followed by squamous cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma (3 cases each). Retinoblastoma was the most common intra-ocular tumour of childhood (<2 years). Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the commonest malignancy of lacrimal gland while pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest benign neoplasm. Conclusions: This study showed that FNAC is a reliable, sensitive and specific tool for diagnosing ocular lesions. Hence, it may be used as a first line of investigation in the evaluation of ophthalmic pathology.

Background: Ovarian malignancy is the second most common cancer of the female reproductive system and the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancy. With increase in longevity, the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer is increasing and its etiopathology remains unknown. A female’s risk at birth of having ovarian tumour sometime in her life is 6-7%. Two third of ovarian tumours occur in women of reproductive age group. The aim was to study the distribution of morphological pattern of benign, malignant, and nonneoplastic lesions of the ovary in different age groups and to determine the likelihood of bilateral involvement in different morphologic subtypes.Methods: A retrospective study from January 2018 to December 2020 was undertaken. A total of 210 surgical specimens were obtained. Detailed clinical information and radiological findings were recorded from the case sheets. Grossing of the surgical specimens was done in the pathology department, followed by histological examination.Results: Of 210 cases, benign cases were 140 (66.7%), malignant cases were 70 (33.3%). Surface epithelial tumors were most common (116/55.2%) followed by germ cell tumors (76, 36.1%) followed by others. Serous cystadenoma was commonest benign tumor (58, 41.4%). Serous adenocarinoma was commonest malignant tumor (19, 27.1%). Benign tumours were more common in the younger age group i.e. <40 years of age whereas malignant tumours were supervenes with increase in age. Most benign ovarian tumors (54, 38.6%) were seen between 31-40 years whereas most malignant tumors (24, 34.3%) were seen above 40 years. In 1st two decades, germ cell tumors were more common than other tumours.Conclusions: The prognosis and varying therapeutic strategies of ovarian tumours necessitate an accurate pathological evaluation. Histopathological study is still the gold standard in diagnosing most of these tumours.

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Background: Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the tissue expression of HER-2/NEU and CA-125 in various epithelial ovarian carcinoma and assess the prognostic significance.Methods: A retrospective study was done in 76 cases of ovarian tumor. IHC was done in 16 cases of epithelial ovarian cancer with HER-2/NEU and CA-125.Results: Total number of cases were 76. Out of these 76 cases, 22 cases were malignant. 16 cases were malignant epithelial ovarian cancer. The highest incidence of malignant tumor was seen in the 41-50 years age group with 9 cases (11.84%). Out of 11 serous adenocarcinoma, 9 cases (81.8%) showed tissue expression of CA-125 and rest 2 cases (18.18%) did not show expression. All the 5 cases (100%) of mucinous adenocarcinoma did not show any tissue expression of CA-125. HER-2/NEU expression was positive in 7 out of 16 cases that is 43.75% and negative expression was seen in 9 out of 16 cases that is 56.25% of cases. Maximum HER-2/NEU positivity is seen among grade 3 tumors, that is (62.5%) (5 out of 8 cases).  Conclusions: The incidence of epithelial ovarian tumors are more common. The tissue expression of CA-125 on malignant epithelial ovarian tumors was studied, which showed positive expression in serous cystadenocarcinomas, but not in mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. HER-2/NEU expression was seen to be increasing with advanced grade of the tumors.

Background: Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) covers a wide spectrum of benign and malignant conditions that arise from pregnancies with abnormal trophoblastic tissue development. It is a source of significant morbidity as well as increased risk of mortality from their complications if not identified and treated early enough. Our study aimed at the various clinicopathological features of GTDs along with their prevalence in a tertiary care centre.Methods: It was a retrospective cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 3 years from January 2017 to December 2019. All GTD cases were retrieved from department registries and analysed.Results: Out of 60 diagnosed cases of GTDs, 57 cases (95%) were Hydatiform mole. Invasive mole and choriocarcinoma were 2 cases (3%) and 1 cases (2%) respectively. Age ranged from 18-37 years. The most commonly affected age group was 20-25 years with 33 cases (55%). Most cases were presented in the first trimester presenting with bleeding per vagina. The majority of GTD cases belonged to blood group A and 50,000-<1,00,000 mlU/mL beta HCG level.Conclusions: Histopathological examination is helpful for confirmation of diagnosis.It is very important to follow up of such patients for early diagnosis of malignant trophoblastic tumors.