Citrus essential oil, commonly, known as lime oil, has been widely reported in traditional system of medicine. Industrially, oil is isolated by mainly by hydrodistillation from fruit and peel of Citrus aurantifolia, family, Rutaceae. Cultivation practice of citrus plants dates back for over 4000 years and are one of most valuable fruit crops in the world. In this review, we aim to summarise the phytochemical and biological properties of citrus oil. The literature was collected from various online resources such as e journals, books and magazines. The citrus essential oil is globally used in food industry to impart citric flavour and odour to cuisines. Llime juice and oil is known to possess multiple biological properties including anti-cancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, antityphoid and hepatoprotective properties. Due to potent antibacterial and antifungal properties, citrus oil is becoming important component of skin care products. The medicinal importance of plant is due to presence of various secondary metabolites, alkaloids, carotenoids, coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and triterpenoids. The citrus oil is rich in aromatic compounds namely, monoterpenes and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols such as limonene (58.4%), β-pinene (15.4%), γ-terpinene (8.5%), citral (4.4%) and others. The bitter taste and aroma of citrus fruit peels is attributed to limonoids. p-caryophyllene constitute 5.7% of all the sesquiterpenes. On the basis of the available information, we conclude that citrus oil possess huge potential to be developed into pharmaceutical products.
Background: Dandruff is a frequently occurring scalp problem that causes significant discomfort to approximately 50% population at some stage of life, especially post-puberty and pre-adult age. Objective: This review aims to summarize the recent findings regarding the anti-fungal properties of herbal essential oils against pathogens involved in dandruff prognosis. Methods: A literature search of studies published between 2000 and 2020 was conducted over databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science direct. Literature was explored using the guidelines given in Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Results: Dandruff, characterized by clinical symptoms of dryness, pruritis, scaly, and flaky scalp, is considered a pri-mary manifestation of seborrheic dermatitis. Amongst various etiological and pathophysiological factors, a significant role of yeasts, primarily species of Malassezia, Candida, has been strongly correlated with dandruff. At the same time, incidences of M. furfur, M. restricta, and M. globosa are high compared to others. Due to relapse of symptoms with the withdrawal of conventional anti-dandruff products. Essential oils of herbal origin, such as tea tree oil, lime oil, rose-mary oil, have gained global importance in dermatology. These oils are rich in secondary aromatic metabolites, espe-cially terpenes and phenolic components that impart substantial antimicrobial properties and resisting biofilm produc-tion. Conclusion: Based on the available information, we can conclude that essential oils have tremendous potential to be developed as anti-dandruff products; however, further studies are warranted to establish their efficacy in dandruff cures.
Monkeypox (Mpox) is a contagious illness that is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is part of the same family of viruses as variola, vaccinia, and cowpox. It was first detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970 and has since caused sporadic cases and outbreaks in a few countries in West and Central Africa. In July 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a public-health emergency of international concern due to the unprecedented global spread of the disease. Despite breakthroughs in medical treatments, vaccines, and diagnostics, diseases like monkeypox still cause death and suffering around the world and have a heavy economic impact. The 85,189 reported cases of Mpox as of 29 January 2023 have raised alarm bells. Vaccines for the vaccinia virus can protect against monkeypox, but these immunizations were stopped after smallpox was eradicated. There are, however, treatments available once the illness has taken hold. During the 2022 outbreak, most cases occurred among men who had sex with men, and there was a range of 7–10 days between exposure and the onset of symptoms. Three vaccines are currently used against the Monkeypox virus. Two of these vaccines were initially developed for smallpox, and the third is specifically designed for biological-terrorism protection. The first vaccine is an attenuated, nonreplicating smallpox vaccine that can also be used for immunocompromised individuals, marketed under different names in different regions. The second vaccine, ACAM2000, is a recombinant second-generation vaccine initially developed for smallpox. It is recommended for use in preventing monkeypox infection but is not recommended for individuals with certain health conditions or during pregnancy. The third vaccine, LC16m8, is a licensed attenuated smallpox vaccine designed to lack the B5R envelope-protein gene to reduce neurotoxicity. It generates neutralizing antibodies to multiple poxviruses and broad T-cell responses. The immune response takes 14 days after the second dose of the first two vaccines and 4 weeks after the ACAM2000 dose for maximal immunity development. The efficacy of these vaccines in the current outbreak of monkeypox is uncertain. Adverse events have been reported, and a next generation of safer and specific vaccines is needed. Although some experts claim that developing vaccines with a large spectrum of specificity can be advantageous, epitope-focused immunogens are often more effective in enhancing neutralization.
Heracleum mantegazzianunt L. (Urnbelliferae) is referred as a poisonous plant in almost every literature available from different countries. W a t t and B r e y e r B r a n d w i j k (1962) and G e d e o n (1963) have written quite much about its dermatotoxic activity on the human skin. The plant is more problematic because of its healthy and wild growth on almost every land. Blisters causing severe pain and sometimes even leaving a permanent disfiguration have been reported to appear when the human skin comes somehow into contact of its green leaves or fresh sap.It was therefore felt interesting to hunt out the toxic factor of this plant and also to study if any components of its volatile oil could be responsible for its dermatotoxic action. Available data on the components of H. mantegazzianum declare presence of many coumarines in it ( B e y r i c h , 1964 u. 1965; Lee, C a t a l f o m o and S c i uc h e t t i , 1966). G i l d e m e i s t e r und I-Ioffmann (1931) worked on the volatile oil obtained from the fruits of a plant which they presumed to be perhaps H. giganteum hort. = H. laciniatum H o r n em. (been referred as H. mantegazzianum by H e g i 1906) and reported the presence of methyl-ethyl-and octyl-alcohols,octyl-aldehyde and -acetate, ethyl-and hexyl-butyrate etc. P i g u 1 e v s k i i (1950) reported the presence of ocimene and myrcene in the volatile oil from its leaves.
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