A new equation is proposed to explain the curvature of spent sparklers. We found the state of a segment of the sparkler to depend strongly on the state of its spent segments. The equation is nearly able to produce the sparkler shape for a range of lengths and for all elevation angles. The method proposed here is likely to explain any phenomena in nature related to an evolving length scale associated with some material that becomes progressively stiff or dry, such as the growth of resin exuded from trees. The equation can produce a very rich spectrum of shapes by varying material parameters (density, temperature-dependent strength), heating temperature, elevation angle, and gravitational acceleration. This might provide new insights into explaining many shapes in nature or man-made structures.
Materials with nanoscale particle size have different properties from its bulk phase, which allows for wider application of the material. There are various methods to synthesize nanoparticles, namely physical, chemical, and biological method. Nowadays, nanoparticle synthesis method is focused on biological method because of its advantages, such as environmentally friendly, relatively simple procedures, and lower production costs. Biosynthesis by co-precipitation method using extracts from biological agents is considered the most efficient among other biological methods. Biochemical compound in the extract have a dual role in synthesis, they act as a reducing agent which reduces metal salt to metal ion, and as a capping agent which stabilizes the nanoparticle. Biosynthesis has been shown to result in nanoparticles as good as physical and chemical method. However, several studies report that the synthesized nanoparticles have low stability regardless of the presence of their capping agent, resulting in agglomeration of nanoparticles, which reduces its efficiency. Until now, studies on particle deagglomeration especially during nanoparticle biosynthesis have not been widely carried out. This mini review will explain the phenomenon of agglomeration during biosynthesis. Moreover, deagglomeration treatment using physical and chemical approaches will be examined. Each approach is considered to be able to deagglomerate nanoparticles well, and the combination of the two is projected to be able to provide better results.
We propose an alternative model to Lindemann's criterion for melting that explains the melting of thin films on the basis of a molecular zipper-like mechanism. Using this model, a unique criterion for melting is obtained. We compared the results of the proposed model with experimental data of melting points and heat of fusion for many materials and obtained interesting results.
Shorea leprosula Miq. and Shorea selanica (Lam.) Blume are fast growing plant and they can be used as a rehabilitation plant. Plant adaptability can be seen from the growth in diameter. Furthermore, rehabilitation plants have the potential to store carbon stocks which can support Indonesia's Forestry And Other Land Use (FOLU) Net Sink 2030 program. This study aims to analyze diameter growth and estimate carbon stocks stored in 8-year-old S. leprosula and S. selanica species in unproductive forest area KHDTK Haurbentes, Bogor. Furthermore, the data collection of diameter was conducted by census while carbon stock estimation used allometric equations. The diameter distribution of S. leprosula and S. selanica was normally distributed. The normal diameter distribution is defined as the highest number of frequencies around the mean value. The results of the normality test of S. leprosula and S. selanica have normal diameter distribution data which indicate that these species have good adaptability in unproductive forest areas. Moreover, the incremental growth of S. leprosula diameter is 1.38 cm while the diameter increment of S. selanica is 1.19 cm. The carbon stock of S. leprosula is 4.72 tons/ha while S. selanica is 8.32 tons/ha. S. leprosula and S. selanica have good adaptability. Thus, they can be used as plants to rehabilitate unproductive forests and store potential carbon stocks.
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