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A simple, fast, repeatable and less laborious sample preparation protocol was developed and applied for the analysis of biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum strain FA1132 by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The match factors for sample spectra with respect to the mass spectra library of fungal volatile compounds were determined and used to study the complex hydrocarbons and other volatile compounds, which were separated by using different capillary columns with nonpolar, medium polar and high polar stationary phases. To date, more than 278 volatile compounds (with spectral match factor at least 90%) such as normal saturated hydrocarbons (C7-C30), cyclohexane, cyclopentane, fatty acids, alcohols, esters, sulfur-containing compounds, simple pyrane and benzene derivatives have been identified. Most of these compounds have not previously been reported. The method described in this paper is a more convenient research tool for the detection of volatile compounds from the cultures of T. harzianum.

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Food colorants are categorized into natural and synthetic dyes. One of the famous synthetic food dyes is Sunset Yellow FCF (E110) which belongs to the family of azo dyes and widely used in food industry. However, Sunset Yellow has positive and negative effects as well, by giving attractive physical appearance and consumer acceptance. At the same time, it can cause as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is a group of behavioural symptoms that include inattentiveness, hyperactivity and impulsiveness, cancer and some other health effects with an excess consumption. Due to the arising of the health issues for mankind, researchers should give more priority to develop advance techniques for determination of Sunset Yellow in food and beverage products. The main aim of this review paper is critically discussed on the acceptable daily intake (ADI), toxicology, extraction methods, and analytical and electrochemical sensor methods for determination of Sunset Yellow.

Allura Red AC (E129) is an azo dye that widely used in drinks, juices, bakery, meat, and sweets products. High consumption of Allura Red has claimed an adverse effects of human health including allergies, food intolerance, cancer, multiple sclerosis, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain damage, nausea, cardiac disease and asthma due to the reaction of aromatic azo compounds (R = R′ = aromatic). Several countries have banned and strictly controlled the uses of Allura Red in food and beverage products. This review paper is critically summarized on the available analytical and advanced methods for determination of Allura Red and also concisely discussed on the acceptable daily intake, toxicology and extraction methods.