The genus Sporormia is restricted to the type species S. fimetaria DeNot., S. fimicola Ahmed & Asah and S. mirabilis Bret. & Faur., in which the ascospores are arranged in a truncate bundle, parallel to the ascus and surrounded by a common gelatinous sheath. The cells of the ascospores are without germ slits.In Sporormiella, which is regarded as a distinct genus, the ascospores are not arranged in a truncate bundle. Each spore has a distinct and separate gelatinous sheath and each cell of the ascospore has an elongated germ slit. The type species is S. nigropurpurea Ell. & Ev.The following 35 species of Sporormia are transferred to Sporormiella: S. affinis Sacc., S. americana Griff., S. antarctica Speg., S. australis Speg., S. bipartis Cain, S. capybarae Speg., S. chaetomioides Griff., S. commutata Niessl, S. corynespora Niessl, S. dakotensis Griff., S. heptamera Auersw., S. herculea Ell. & Ev., S. insignis Niessl, S. irregularis I. Egel., S. kansensis Griff., S. lageniformis Fuckel, S. lata Griff., S. leporina Niessl, S. longispora Cain, S. megalospora Auersw., S. minima Auersw., S. muskokensis Cain, S. ontariensis Cain, S. ovina (Desm.) Sacc., S pascua Niessl, S. pentamera Oud., S. pilosa Cain, S. pilosella Cain, S. polymera Cain, S. pulchella Hansen, S. pyriformis Speg., S. scandinavica I. Egel., S. schoterriana Bret. & Faur., S. splendens Cain, S. vexans Auersw.There are 22 new species described in the genus Sporormiella, as follows: S. alloimera, S. anisomera, S. calomera, S. cylindrospora, S. cymatomera, S. decamera, S. dodecamera, S. dubia, S. euryspora, S. isomera, S. longisporopsis, S. minimoides, S. minipascua, S. octonalis, S. platymera, S. schadospora, S, septenaria, S. systenospora, S. subtilis, S. teretispora, S. tetramera, S. trogospora.These coprophilous species are from Argentina, Canada, Mexico, and the United States.A total of 66 species are described, 61 of which are illustrated. Keys to the species of Sporormia and Sporormiella are included.

Background: This study aimed to assess the extent of knowledge and understanding of rabies disease in rural and urban communities of Pakistan. It also identified malpractices after suspected dog bite that might pose a risk for humans contracting rabies. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted (n = 1466) on people having different age groups and educational levels in four different geographic regions of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces in Pakistan. Knowledge, attitude, and practices of people were assessed using a structured questionnaire. We used a bivariate and multivariate analysis to study the association between rabies related mortalities in near or extended family members and different risk behaviors. Results: Our results demonstrate that the majority of the juvenile population (less than 18 years of age) were not aware of the clinical signs of rabies in animals. 75% of the total respondents were not vaccinated against rabies, 60% did not seek a doctor's advice after a suspected animal bite, and 55% had inadequate health care facilities for rabies patients in local hospitals. Respondents that had pets at home had not vaccinated (38%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.58) themselves against rabies due to lack of knowledge and awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies (51%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.25). They also tend to not visit doctor after suspected bite (52%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.97), which may had resulted in more deaths (65%; p < 0.05; odds ratio 1.73) of someone in their near or extended family due to rabies. Conclusions: Lack of knowledge about the nature of rabies disease and prophylaxis has contributed to increase of rabies related deaths. Inadequate health care facilities and poor attitude of not seeking medical attention after suspected dog bite are the major reasons of rabies related deaths. These findings could help in devising a targeted management strategy and awareness program to control and reduce the incidence of human rabies related deaths in Pakistan.

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A Zea may is an important cereal crop. To nourish human and livestock, it is very important that the quality of maize grain and fodder must be higher. A study was conducted to evaluate maize accessions for grain and fodder quality traits. Results indicated that higher heritability was found for nutrient detergent fiber, fodder cellulose, fodder crude fiber, fodder crude and fodder moisture percentage while genetic advance was higher for fodder cellulose, fodder crude protein and fodder ash percentage. High significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation was found among grain protein, oil and starch percentage, nutrient detergent fiber, fodder cellulose, fodder crude fiber & protein and fodder moisture percentage. The higher cumulative additive effect was recorded for acid detergent fiber, fodder crude fiber; nutrient detergent fiber and fodder cellulose suggested that selections may be made to develop synthetic varieties for better quality. Higher dominance effect and degree of dominance indicated that selection may be useful for the development of good quality maize hybrids through heterosis breeding programme. Principle component bi-plot analysis indicated that B-11×EV-347, B-11, Sh-139, EV-1097×E-322, Sh-139×B-316, B-327×E-322, B-316, Raka-poshi, B-11×Pop/209, B-336×EV-340, B-327×E-322, B-327×F-96, EV-1097×E-322, Rakaposhi×EV-347, EV-1097×Pop/209 and EV-1097×EV-340 performed better for grain and fodder quality and may be used for improvement of grain and fodder quality of maize.

Objective Several factors, such as residential area topography, population density, and lack of infrastructure, were hypothesized to contribute toward respondents’ knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding disease transmission. The present study was designed to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of human-fruit bat interaction by student respondents located in ten districts within the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces in Pakistan. Method A cross-sectional survey was conducted by trained enumerators in academic institutions using a structured questionnaire among student respondents (n = 1466), living in two topographically distinct (Mountainous and Plain) residential regions of the Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) provinces in Pakistan regarding their history of bat encounters. Results Our study revealed that 71.4% of the 1466 respondents had observed bats in their geographic region. 21% of our survey respondents reported bat bites incidents over their lifetime, but only 40% actively sought medical care for wound management despite reporting they had a close family member that had contracted rabies (27–35%). Our generalized linear models (GLMs) highlighted that a respondent residing in a residential region had a greater association with reporting a suspected bat bite over their lifetime and reported rabies victims in both near and extended family members (OR = −0,85, p-value = 0.03, 95% CI). This appeared to be due to delaying consulting a doctor or medical facility for treatment following a suspected bat bite in the topographic residential group as compared to the respondents in the provincial residential group (OR 1.12, p-value = 0.04, 95% CI). Conclusion Our findings indicate the necessity of a One Health comprehensive surveillance system in Pakistan for emerging and re-emerging zoonotic pathogens in Pteropodidae.

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Objective: To see the frequency of coronary artery stenosis in the patients of stable angina having left bundle branchblock, and to see the effects of gender and age on this correlation. Design: Experimental case series. Setting: Bahawal Victoria Hospital,Bahawalpur. Period: June 2006 to May 2008. Methods: One hundred and forty one (141) patients of Stable Angina presenting with atypicalchest pain, both male and female of 30—70 years age, positive for LBBB and with normal Cardio-Thoracic Ratio, normal echocardiographyand negative for conventional risk factors and family history of Coronary Artery Disease were taken. All patients were angiographied .Results: A total of 141 patients were investigated through coronary angiogram to see the frequency of coronary artery stenosis in thesepatients. Ninety five (67.4%) patients proved to have coronary artery stenosis. The male patients showed higher frequency (87.4%) ofharboring coronary vessel blockade as compared to that (35.2%) in females (P value <0.0005). There was no relation between age and thefrequency of coronary stenosis (P value >0.05). Conclusions: There is significant difference (P value <0.0005) in coronary artery stenosisamong men and women having LBBB.