Background: To study the expression of PTEN (Phosphatase and Tensin homologue) and Cyclin D1 in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium by immunohistochemistry and to corroborate the interrelationship between PTEN and Cyclin D1 in normal to neoplastic endometrial disorders including endometrial carcinoma.Methods: Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) sections of spectrum of endometrium in fifty different cases were taken from secretory phase to endometrial carcinoma and subjected to Immunohistochemistry using PTEN and Cyclin D1 .Results: Immunoreactivity was regarded as positive when brown staining was localized in the nuclei or cytoplasm. The intensity of nuclear staining was graded from 0 to 3+ and the extent was semi quantitatively estimated. If less than 10% of cells were positive a score of 0 was given, 11 % to 30% cell positivity was scored as 1+, 31% to 60 % positivity was scored as 2+ and more than 60% positive cells was labelled as 3+. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-Square test and significant differences were noted between these 3 groups (p value < 0.05).Conclusions: The present study supports that an inverse correlation exists in the expression of PTEN and Cyclin D1 in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium. The decreased PTEN expression is a marker of the earliest endometrial premalignant lesions, and we propose that use of PTEN immunostaining may be informative in identifying premalignant lesions that are likely to progress to carcinoma. Cyclin D1 expression in endometrial glands increases progressively in intensity and extent from normal endometrium to hyperplasia to carcinoma.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia accompanied with the biochemical alterations in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. Diabetics have been shown to be in procoagulant state due to abnormalities in several plasma proteins in blood coagulation.Measurement of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), bleeding time and clotting factor concentration are usually done in patients with a suspected abnormal coagulation. The present study was planned to assess and compare the coagulation tests in patients with T2DM and healthy individuals. Material and methods:In this prospective case control study 50 diabetic patients and 50 healthy non-diabetic individuals were were subjected to Prothrombin time(PT), Activated partial thromboplastin time(APTT) and D-Dimer assay patients in the department Results:A stastically significant increase in Mean Prothrombin time (PT) levels of 17.48 in cases vs 14.52 in controls with a P value was 0.012. The Mean aPTT levels in cases was 48.12 and in controls was 30.56 with a P value was 0.001. However, in case of Mean D-Dimer levels, there was no significant difference between cases and controls with a P value of 1.000. Conclusion:The present study observed a significant association between Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and coagulation parameters. Increased plasma levels of PT and APTT were observed which are consistent with abnormal coagulation mechanisms and may be interpreted as a tendency for bleeding and cardiovascular disorders. It would also be helpful to incorporate coagulation screening as a routine investigations for the better management of diabetic patients.

Introduction: Gallbladder stones are commonest disorder among gall bladder lesions and are usually asymptomatic. Its frequency in cholecystectomy specimens is not clear. The aim of this study was to report the morphological variants and frequency of different lesions in cholecystectomy specimens. Objective: To study the various histopathological spectrum of gall bladder lesions. Materials and Methods: In present study we have studied total 141 cases of gall bladder lesion during the period of 6 months from April 2017 to October 2017 in the Dept. of Pathology at Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda. Results: Benign lesions of gall bladder outnumbered the malignant ones with non-neoplastic lesions accounting for 93.6% (132 cases) with chronic calculous cholecystitis contributing the majority of the non-neoplastic lesions (49.64%) followed by cholesterolosis (22.69%), acalculous cholecystitis (4.96%), followed by gangrenous and xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. Females were predominantly affected in the present study with total 107 cases out of 141 cases-75.8% cases. Most of the non-neoplastic lesions of the gall bladder lesions are common in 3rd, 4th and 5th decades of life. Neoplastic lesions of the gall bladder were common in 5th, 6th and 7th decades of life. Out of 141 cases 5 cases are of adenocarcinoma of gall bladder-3.5% of all cases. The mean age of patient with adenocarcinoma of gall bladder is 60.8 years. Conclusion: Gall bladder lesions were common indication for surgical intervention and pathological evaluation. Most of them were inflammatory lesions with cholelithiasis, however thorough examination is important as these lesions may progress to fatal malignancies.