This study was conducted to screen the antiplasmodial activity of chloroform extracts of Quassia borneensis against different intraerythrocytic cycle of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei NK65. The antiplasmodial activity was measured using SYBR green I assay for determining the concentration that inhibited 50% (IC50) of the Plasmodium’s activity after 24 hours of treatment (0.0001-100 mg mL-1). All of the extracts showed potent activity against all of the cycles. The trophozoite and schizont stages were considerably more sensitive to the extracts than the ring-stages parasites. The values were compared to the controls treated with chloroquine and artemisinin. Hence, the chloroform extracts of roots and bark of Q. borneensis demonstrated potent activities towards each life cycle of chloroquine-resistant P. berghei and has a potential to be developed as an antimalarial agent.
The study on Watershed Sustainability Index (WSI) has been conducted to analyst the environmental condition in the area incorporating ecological baseline and socio-economic conditions. WSI is an integrated indicator based on basin Hydrology, Environment, Life and Policy (HELP) state condition. It is suitable to be applied in the Langat River Basin in Malaysia which has similar catchment area (up to 2,350 km2) and is one of the UNESCO HELP River Basin since 2004. The WSI analysis which uses a pressure–state–response function based on basin HELP Indicator was done for Langat River Basin by using relevant available 5 years data for the period of 2009 to 2013. It is found that Langat River Basin is having WSI value of 0.68 which falls under the category of medium sustainability (between 0.5-0.8). Based on the maximum value (i.e. 1) or high sustainability (i.e. WSI value more than 0.8) it can be said that Langat is in the good side in term of sustainability. Few management aspects need to be improved and maintained well to be more sustainable. The assessment provides Langat River Basin with more information that is crucial in managing the basin through the adoption of UNESCO’s HELP Framework.
Aims: To evaluate the anti-leptospiral activity of Canarium odontophyllum leaves against Leptospira interrogans serovar Bataviae and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica. Methodology and results: The extracts (hexane, acetone, methanol and aqueous) used in this study were tested at concentration ranging from 0.049 mg/mL to 25 mg/mL using broth microdilution method. Percentage inhibition (%) was obtained through OD reading at 400 nm. Only methanol extract was incubated with Leptospira to observe population changes under dark field microscope prior to subjected for DNA damaging studies through gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA. Methanol extract showed the highest percentage inhibition of 66% against L.interrogans serovar Bataviae and 74% against L. borgpetersenii serovar Javanica. The IC50 value of methanol extract was 4.60 mg/mL and 2.25 mg/mL against serovar Bataviae and serovar Javanica, respectively. Both Leptospira culture which was treated with IC50 value of methanol extract showed drastic decrease in population compared to untreated Leptospira for both serovar. There was no DNA damage towards serovar Bataviae. However, serovar Javanica exhibited DNA damage as observed from the presence of DNA fragmentation on the gel electrophoresis. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: These findings confirmed that methanol leaves extract from of Canarium odontophyllum has a potential to control leptospirosis.
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